First, breeding technology
1. Cuttings
In the rainy season between May and June, young female trees are selected, and one-year-old branches are cut from the top, approximately 10 cm in length. The lower leaves are removed, and the base of the cutting is slightly scraped with a knife. One bud and two or three leaves are left at the top. These cuttings are then inserted into river sand or gravel medium up to one-third to two-thirds of their length. After planting, they are covered with a shade cloth, and foliar spraying is done regularly to maintain high humidity, which helps promote root development. To increase survival rates, cuttings can be soaked in a solution of 50-100 ppm ABT rooting powder for 8-12 hours before planting.
2. Grafting
Select vigorous seedlings or cuttings of tea varieties that are easy to survive as rootstocks. Cut the rootstock about 4-5 cm above the ground, making a 1.5 cm deep cut through the pith. Use one to two-year-old shoots as scions, leaving one or two leaves at the top. The base of the scion is cut into a wedge shape and inserted into the split of the rootstock, ensuring that both sides align properly. Secure the graft with plastic tape. After grafting, cover the scion with a plastic bag and tie it loosely with a strap, allowing condensation to form inside without dripping onto the rootstock. Place a paper wrapper outside the plastic bag to protect it from direct sunlight.
3. Bud Grafting
For each bud, retain one leaf and cut the base at an angle. Insert the bud into the growing medium so that it is just covered by the soil. This technique makes efficient use of branches and is ideal for large-scale propagation.
1. Field Planting
1) Soil should be fertile and slightly acidic, with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.0.
2) Planting time: Spring planting is best between February and March, while autumn planting after November also yields good results.
3) Fertilization: Camellias do not require heavy fertilization. Apply 2-4 times between October and November before flowering, and again 4-5 months after flowering. Use compound fertilizers, composts, and appropriate amounts of phosphate fertilizer. The principle is to apply more frequently—strong seedlings receive more, while weak ones get less or none.
4) Pruning: Camellias grow slowly, so avoid heavy pruning. Maintain even crowns by removing only diseased, dense, weak, or leggy branches. New seedlings can be lightly pruned to improve survival. Bud removal is essential; keep at most three buds per node and maintain spacing to prevent excessive nutrient consumption. Flowering can last up to six months, so remove spent flowers promptly to conserve energy and enhance plant vigor.
5) Pest and Disease Control: Common issues include brown spot, yellowing disease, and moss on branches, along with pests like red spider mites, scale insects, moths, and rose beetles. Prevention includes spraying Bordeaux mixture before bud break and repeating every two weeks. Remove damaged leaves and ensure proper drainage and fertilization. Yellowing disease can be managed with ferrous sulfate or magnesium sulfate solutions. Red spider mites and scale insects can be controlled with pine oil mixtures and improved air circulation. Moths and rose beetles can be treated with 40% omethoate or 80% dichlorvos. Regular weeding (6-7 times a year) helps maintain plant health and improves flower production.
2. Potted Plants
1) Soil: Use slightly acidic, loose, and fertile potting mix. A recommended blend is 6 parts garden soil, 3 parts pine humus, and 1-2 parts sand.
2) Container Selection: Choose clay pots, with the size matching the plant's crown. For plants with a 40-50 cm height, a 20-25 cm diameter pot is suitable. Zisha pots are preferred for commercial use due to their aesthetic appeal.
3) Seedling Selection: Choose healthy plants with strong growth, a straight trunk, no stem, a well-shaped crown, and green, pest-free leaves.
4) Watering: After planting, water thoroughly and keep the soil moist for the first two months. Adjust watering frequency based on climate. Water more in spring, early and late in summer, avoid overwatering during rain, water promptly in dry autumn, and water at noon in winter to avoid frost damage.
5) Light and Temperature: Provide full sun in spring and rainy seasons, but provide shade in summer and fall. Move plants indoors when temperatures drop below freezing to protect them from cold.
6) Flowering Control: Adjust flowering time using variety selection, temperature control, and hormone treatments. To delay flowering, choose late-blooming varieties and store them at 2-3°C. For early blooming, select early-flowering varieties and apply hormones like gibberellin. Treat buds with 500-1000 ppm gibberellin every three days starting mid-July or early August, followed by additional applications in September to encourage earlier blooms from late September to November.
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Xi'an Tian Guangyuan Biotech Co., Ltd. , https://www.tgybiotech.com