1. The concept and introduction of precision agriculture The rapid development of world agriculture in the second half of the 20th century largely depended on the advancement of biotechnology, the expansion of arable land, and the expansion of irrigated areas. It is basically a large investment in chemical and mineral energy such as fertilizers and pesticides. Obtained under conditions. However, the resulting ecological and environmental problems, such as soil erosion, decline in soil productivity, pollution of agricultural products and groundwater, and eutrophication of water bodies, have aroused widespread concern in the international community and promoted the sustainable development of agriculture and the birth and development of precision agriculture theory. . Precision agriculture is a Chinese translation of terms such as Precision Agriculture, Precision Farming, and Site-specific Farming (Agiculture). [4] Precision agriculture is an important modern agricultural production form and management model developed on the basis of modern high-tech information technology (RS, GIS, GPS), crop cultivation management technology, and agricultural engineering equipment technology. The core idea is to obtain information on the actual spatial and temporal differences in crop yields and environmental factors (such as soil structure, soil fertility, topography, climate, pests and weeds, etc.) affecting crop production in the farm plots, and analyze the causes of the differences in the output of the communities. Technically feasible and economically effective control measures have changed the wasteful practices of traditional large-scale, large-sample averages of traditional agricultural resources. They have positioned the crop cultivation and management and put on-demand variables. It includes precision seeding, precise fertilization, precision irrigation, and precise harvesting. The rise of precision agriculture puts forward new theoretical and technical requirements for rational fertilization. From the perspective of the use of chemical fertilizers, chemical fertilizers account for 40% of the grain yield. However, even in countries with high fertilizer utilization rates, the utilization rate of nitrogen is only about 50%, phosphorus is about 30%, and potassium is about 60%. The low rate not only causes high production costs, but also causes environmental problems such as groundwater and surface water pollution, excessive nitrate content in fruits and vegetables. In conclusion, fertilization is closely related to agricultural production, product quality, food and environmental pollution. The theory and technology of precise fertilization will be an effective way to solve this problem. 2. Precise Fertilization (Variable Prescription Fertilization) 2.1 The Necessity of Precise Fertilization The soil-crop-nutrient relationship is very complicated. Although we have identified a large number of essential elements and trace elements that are essential for crop growth, the degree of nutrient requirement for crops varies according to the type of plant. Even for the same crop, the demand for various nutrients at different growth stages varies greatly. Seedling period is the critical period for nutrition of the crops. Although there are few requirements on the amount of nutrients, it is required that the nutrients must be complete and quick-acting, and the quantity is sufficient. Many crops have the largest number of nutrient requirements in the maximum nutrient efficiency period, the best nutrition effect, and the maximum efficiency period of different nutrients in the same crop. The maximum efficiency period of the same nutrient in different crops is also different. Different nutrients have the irreplaceability of nutrients. That is, crop yield is mainly limited by the nutrients with the lowest nutrient content, and this minimum nutrient cannot be replaced by other nutrients. In order to eliminate the limitation of the minimum nutrient rate, a large amount of chemical fertilizers are used, which in turn causes a series of environmental problems. Therefore, in order to obtain good economic and environmental benefits and adapt to the needs of different regions, different crops, different soils, and different crop growth environments, variable prescription fertilization is the development direction of our future fertilization. 2.2 Accurate fertilization We believe that precision fertilization is based on the superposition analysis of yield data from different spatial units with other multi-layer data (physic and chemical properties of soil, pests, weeds, and climate), supported by crop growth models and crop nutrition expert systems. The theory and technology of variable prescription fertilization aiming at high yield, high quality and environmental protection. Precision fertilization is an optimized combination of information technology (RS, GIS, GPS), biotechnology, mechanical technology and chemical engineering. According to the crop growth period, it can be divided into basal fertilizer application and top dressing application. According to the fertilization method, it can be divided into cultivation and application. According to the timeliness of fine application, it can be divided into real-time intensive application and timely application. 3. Theory and technical system 3.1 Collection of real-time data of soil data and crop nutrition For long-term relatively stable soil variable parameters, such as soil texture, topography, geomorphology, trace element content, etc., can be analyzed at one time for long-term benefit or after many years of these parameters. Do a sample retest, in China can refer to the original soil census data for reference. For medium and short-term soil variables, such as N, P, K, organic matter, soil moisture, etc., these parameters have large spatial and temporal variability. They should be analyzed by GPS or navigation in real time or by remote sensing (RS) and ground analysis. Growing crop nutrients. This is the basis for determining the amount of base fertilizer and top dressing. Since the 1990s, new technologies and instruments for real-time sampling and analysis of soil have made considerable progress. 3.1.1 The soil nutrient element measuring instrument developed based on the soil solution electro-optical colorimetric method has been applied to a number of practical products in China. 3.1.2 Preliminary research on ion-sensing sensing technology based on Near Infrared (NIR) multispectral analysis technology and Semiconductor Multiple Ion Selective Effect Transistors (ISFET) has achieved preliminary results [5,6]. 3.1.3 The soil moisture measuring instrument based on Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and transmission impedance transformation theory has been successfully developed in China [7,8]. 3.1.4 Research on crop nutrition monitoring technology based on spectral detection and remote sensing theory has also made some progress. The use of plant spectral analysis methods for the diagnosis of plant nutrient levels has the advantages of rapidity, automation, and non-destructiveness, but the diagnostic specificity is not enough and the accuracy of interpretation needs to be improved. In terms of crop N nutrition and crop spectral characteristics, whether it is multi-spectral passive remote sensing or laser fluorescence radar active remote sensing research and application has been more mature [9,10,11], in the appearance of no nitrogen deficiency symptoms have been able to Differentiate the N nutrition level of crops. Japan first developed a chlorophyll meter for the diagnosis and guidance of fertilization for nitrogen levels in field crops, and achieved good results. According to the Agricultural Machinery News in 1999, an automated fertilizing device was also reported. During the growth of rice, it can be used to Judgment, automatic adjustment of the amount of fertilizer, analysis of rice growth using a spectroscopic sensor, and navigation with the GPS system, anyone can operate. However, the relationship between the nutrition levels of P, K and trace elements in plants and the spectral characteristics of crops is less studied. Research at home and abroad found that based on current instrumentation and equipment conditions, spectral analysis can be used as a phosphorus phosphorus nutrient diagnosis when phosphorus deficiency is severe [12]; Potassium can only distinguish between 3 and 4 nutrition levels [13]. However, with the launch of a series of Earth observation satellites in recent years, the spatial resolution and spectral resolution of satellite images will increase, and remote sensing technology will play an important role in crop nutrition monitoring. 3.2 Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) Whether it is the field real-time soil sample analysis or the operation of precision fertilizer applicators, it is based on spatial positioning of farmland. Global Positioning System (GPS) provides basic conditions for precise fertilization. The GPS receiver can obtain positioning timing signals from at least 4 GPS satellites anywhere on the surface of the earth, at any time, and under any meteorological conditions. The orbit information of each satellite is accurately monitored by the ground monitoring center and GPS is accepted. The machine determines its position by triangulation based on time and light speed signals. However, due to the interference of the satellite signal by the ionosphere and the atmosphere, positioning errors will occur, and the GPS positioning error provided by the United States can reach 100 meters. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of precise fertilization or precise farming, the GPS receiver must be provided with differential signals, ie, differential positioning. System (DGPS). In addition to receiving global positioning satellite signals, DGPS also needs to receive beacon stations or satellite-differentiated differential correction signals. This can greatly improve the positioning accuracy. The GPS12XL receiver of the US GARMIN company that we used in the experiment can achieve the positioning accuracy of 1~5 after receiving the differential input. Civil DGPS is now fully capable of meeting the need for precise fertilization. The current research is moving towards the integration of GPS-GIS-RS and the development of GPS-intelligence and mechanical integration. In Japan, recent experiments have used GPS positioning transplanters and GPS positioning automatic fertilizer spreaders with errors within 10 cm [14,15]. 3.3 Decision Analysis System The decision analysis system is the core of accurate fertilization and directly affects the technical practice of precision fertilization. The decision analysis system includes two parts: geographic information system (GIS) and model expert system. GIS is used to describe the spatial attributes of farmland; crop growth models and crop nutrition expert systems are used to describe the growth process and nutrient requirements of crops. Only a close combination of GIS and model expert systems can formulate feasible decision-making schemes, which also makes the research of GIS integration both at home and abroad. In precision fertilization, GIS is mainly used to establish spatial information databases such as soil data, natural conditions, crop seedlings, and geostatistics, processing, analysis, graph transformation, and model integration of spatial attribute data. The crop growth model integrates crops, meteorology, and soil as a whole, applies principles and methods of system analysis, and integrates theories and research results of a large number of disciplines such as crop physiology, ecology, agronomy, soil and fertilizer, and agricultural meteorology. The relationship between the physiological processes of crops such as growth and development, photosynthesis, organ establishment and yield formation, and the environment and technology are summarized theoretically and quantitatively, and corresponding mathematical models are established. It is a quantitative representation of environmental information and crop growth. Through the crop growth model we can obtain the requirements of the crop growth environment for any growth period in order to take relevant measures. In this regard, U.S. scientists considered the interaction between the atmosphere, soil, and crops. As early as the 1970s, CERES was developed as a large-scale crop simulation model (covering 12 crops such as corn, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, and peanuts). The rice model RICEMOD [16] was completed with domestic highlighting systems. However, these models are still relatively simple in terms of physio-ecological simulations. Their mechanism and applicability need to be further developed and improved. In the 1980s, the crop nutrition expert system was developed in China. However, both the expert system based on the crop fertilizer effect function model and the target yield model for soil testing and fertilization belong to the statistical model. The difference in fertilizer amount calculated by different statistical models is different. More than 3 times [16]. Crop nutrition simulation model based on crop physiological mechanism needs further development and improvement. 3.4 Control Fertilization There are two forms of fertilization. One is to control fertilization in real time. According to the real-time sensor information of the monitoring soil, the input amount of fertilizer is controlled and adjusted, or the amount of fertilizer is adjusted based on the real-time monitored crop spectral information [18, 19]. The second is to prescribe information to control fertilization. According to the prescription fertilization information provided by the electronic map after the decision analysis, the application amount of fertilizer in the field block is controlled. 4. Problems and Future Directions of Theoretical Technologies Soil data acquisition instruments are expensive and have poor performance. They cannot analyze the content of some slow-acting nutrient elements. Remote sensing information and soil are caused by remote sensing due to spatial resolution and spectral resolution problems. The correspondence between nature and crop nutrient stress is not clear and cannot meet the needs of practical applications. With the availability of high-resolution remote sensing satellite services (1~3m), the research and application of enhancing the relationship between remote sensing spectral information and soil properties and crop nutrition will be the focus and focus of research on precision fertilization in recent years. The positioning accuracy of DGPS can fully meet the technical requirements for precise fertilization. Although DGPS navigation automated fertilization or farming machinery has been studied, the combination of DGPS and GIS database for automated mechanical fertilization remains to be further developed, while GPS-RS-GIS is also positive. It tends to improve. In terms of crop models and expert systems, in addition to further research on crop nutrient mechanisms and physiological mechanisms, the applicability and generality of the model should be closely linked to precise fertilization, because many models now require too many variables or common methods that are difficult to measure. The model needs to be further simplified and intelligent. 5. The development of precision fertilization in China. The need for precision fertilization in China. The outstanding problems in China's fertilizer investment are irrational structure and low utilization. Fertilizer input, especially the input of phosphate fertilizer, is generally high, resulting in imbalanced nutrient input and increasing the input cost of fertilizer. [20] The average fertilizer utilization rate in China is 10% or more lower than in developed countries, with 30-35% nitrogen fertilizer, 10-25% phosphorus fertilizer, and 40-50% potassium fertilizer. The low fertilizer utilization rate not only causes high production costs, but also is one of the direct causes of environmental pollution, especially the eutrophication of water bodies. It is well-known that eutrophication of Taihu Lake and Dianchi Lake, where the pollution load from non-point source pollution is as high as 1/3-1 /2. With the strengthening of people's environmental awareness and the transformation of agricultural products from quantity to quality, precision fertilization will be an effective way to improve soil environmental quality, reduce water and soil pollution, and increase crop yield and quality. Precision agriculture is proposed to adapt to the sustainable development of crop production systems with a high degree of intensification and scale. Its marginal effect is positively related to the scale of operations. According to reports, the application of wheat fertilization as an example shows that economic benefits are applicable. The economically viable minimum area for precision agricultural technology practice is approximately 85.6 hm2. In China, the scale of agricultural operations is small, and the level of agricultural mechanization is low. The implementation of a wide area of ​​precision fertilization technology still requires a long process of development. With the adjustment of rural marketization and industrial structure, a precise fertilization technology demonstration project has been established in the farms in the reclamation areas (such as Heilongjiang large-scale farms, Xinjiang Construction Corps) and large-scale crop production plain areas, or a number of high-efficiency companies (tobacco enterprises, Chinese medicinal materials) have been combined. Enterprises, etc.) to promote the development of accurate fertilization is an effective way to develop accurate fertilization in light of China's national conditions.
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