Culture environment
Penaeus vannamei is one of the three largest species of shrimp production in the world today. It has the characteristics of rapid growth, wide salinity adaptation, and strong disease resistance. It can be used to avoid deterioration of the seawater environment. The fulminant disease. The low salinity ecological culture of white shrimp in South America is based on comprehensive ecological farming techniques to achieve a relatively balanced aquaculture environment and achieve stable, efficient and healthy breeding.
1. The breeding site must be built without any pollution source, the water quality meets the standard for aquaculture water use, the water source is sufficient, and water intake and drainage are convenient.
2. Rationally use local resources and effectively control the ecological environment so that it can meet the growth and development needs of white shrimp.
3, scientific and rational breeding methods coupled with nutritionally balanced feed; to promote the growth of white shrimp nutrition requirements, and can enhance shrimp autoimmune function, to resist the invasion of pathogens and environmental mutations. Feed selection should use large-scale, stable quality varieties.
4. Control of sediment in the pond. The sediment status of the shrimp pond determines the fertility, buffering stability and mineralization of the pond water quality. A certain thickness of silt can play a role in supplying fertilizer, conserving fertilizer, and regulating and buffering the sudden changes in water quality in shrimp ponds. Bottom mud is rich in nutrients, through the beneficial living bacteria in the water to carry out the nitrogen cycle process, resulting in a large number of inorganic salts and organic substances gradually release water for food bio-use. However, excessively thick silt is unfavorable for aquaculture production. Excessive thick silt will make shrimp pond water shallower and aquaculture space will be reduced; silt will accumulate large amount of organic matter and excessive oxygen consumption will lead to long-term hypoxia, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, H2S concentration is too high. The author believes that a reasonable shrimp pond bottom mud control thickness of 4-8 cents, while dry in the pond to loosening and drying more than one week.
5. Do not use banned disinfectants and antibiotics during the breeding process. Through regular application of beneficial microbial preparations, shrimp pond water maintains its own microecological balance. The colonies formed by it are directly eaten by shrimps and can regulate the intestinal microbiological ecological flora of shrimps and improve immunity and disease resistance. Maintain the stability of the phytoplankton community, absorb and transform shrimp excrement and bottom organic residue. The resulting metabolites are used directly by plankton. The quality of shrimp products produced meets safety and pollution-free standards.
The beneficial microorganisms commonly used in shrimp ponds include Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Nitrification and Denitrification Bacteria, Yeast, Actinomyces, EM, Photosynthetic Bacteria, and Vibrio.
Aquaculture facilities
1, shrimp pond area of ​​5-10 acres is appropriate, rectangular, north-south direction, wide sunny. Flat bottom, sandy soil or sandy loam soil, keep 5-6 cm thick mud. The bottom of the pool is ploughed once after being exposed to sunlight, so that the organic matter in the sediment is decomposed and transformed, and the growth of pathogens is reduced.
2. Each 2-3 mu of shrimp ponds is equipped with a 1.5-kilowatt aerator. Traditionally, waterwheel-type and jet-type aerators have been used. At present, some shrimp ponds use blast air to increase oxygen. The plastic pipes with many small holes are evenly arranged around the shrimp ponds. The air is blown to inflate the air. The oxygenation effect is better, the electricity cost is saved, and the tube air has a certain degree of heat, which can avoid the breeding process. Poor shrimp died near the aerator. Shrimp tanks should be equipped with generator sets.
3. A holding pool is provided in the shrimp pond and the area is 1/4 of the shrimp pond. The conditional aquaculture area is equipped with a water storage sedimentation tank. The influent water flows into the shrimp pond through sedimentation and exposure of the reservoir for 1-2 days, which can improve water quality, reduce water pollution, and prevent excessive water intake and drainage from causing the white shrimp response to stress.
Prepare for stocking
l After the bottom of the pool is ploughed and ploughed, 200kg/mu quick lime or 10kg/mu bleach shall be used to disinfect the whole pool. If the water source is relatively tight, the shrimp pond can be used once to enter the pond water, and then be disinfected with 10 15 kg/mu of bleaching powder. After 23 days, the fertilizer should be fertilized and watered.
2. Temporarily raise the amount of salt brine, agricultural salt or seawater in the holding pool water to keep the salinity at 3‰ or more.
3, culture water can use fermented organic fertilizer, boiled soybean milk, soaked tea bran or fertilizer.
Specific practices: 1 Fermented organic fertilizer: 20-30 kilograms of cattle, pigs, chickens, and duck manure per mu, add yeast after adding water and mixing, mix, cover with plastic film, and use it after several days of fermentation. 2 Tea bran: Use after soaking in warm water for 24 hours. Each use 50-100 kg. 3 Compound fertilizer: Use according to instructions (higher cost, easy to withdraw).
4. Fertilization of organic fertilizers is applied. After the shrimp ponds become thickened, the viable bacteria will be splashed. The ammonia nitrogen and nitrite indicators of the pool water will be normal. The organic matter will be converted into beneficial bacteria and directly absorbed by the plankton. The pond water will be microscopic. Ecological virtuous cycle, you can put seedlings.
Part of the misunderstandings of shrimp farmers' fertilizers and waters: (1) If organic fertilizers are not put into the water, they will directly sprinkling useful live bacteria. Because the beneficial viable bacteria need nutrients as the material basis. (2) When cultivating water, the more zooplankton (commonly known as leeches), the better. Because individual shrimps are small in size, they initially consume mainly phytoplankton, and large amounts of phytoplankton in the leeches will make the pool water thinner. At the same time, a large number of shrimp will produce toxic substances when they are deprived of oxygen. In order to prevent too much water in the shrimp ponds, some filter-feeding fish can be stocked with salmon: 10-15 fish per acre.
Feeding shrimp
1. Choose a healthy prawn which is full of gastrointestinal tract, clear body color, and neat size. Due to the severe degradation of P. vannamei population in recent years, disease resistance has decreased. It is recommended that the shrimp farmer launch the first-generation (F1) shrimp seedlings of the Hawaiian hybrid broodstock (SPF) without specific viruses to increase the breeding success rate.
2, seedling density: ordinary shrimp: 6 - 70,000 tail / mu, no specific virus (SPF) shrimp: 40,000 tail / mu.
Aquaculture management
1. Apply beneficial live bacteria every 15 days to improve the water quality of the shrimp ponds so that the water quality can be kept stable. Ammonia nitrogen and nitrite are not exceeded. In order to reduce the cost of culture, viable bacteria can be stimulated before use, which can greatly increase the number of viable bacteria and improve the use effect. Spur activating bacteria have open and closed methods.
Open type: All microbial preparations can be used. Add appropriate amount of pond water in the bucket, dissolve the live bacteria into the bucket water and add a few jins of brown sugar. Use air bubbles to inflate oxygen for 3 hours to 12 hours. Quanchiposa (easily entrained with bacteria) ).
Closed type: suitable for pure bacteria packaging (such as: save "scavenger"), anaerobic fungi. In the appropriate nutrient base (brown sugar, flour) closed cultivation of 3-4 days, you can greatly increase the number of live bacteria, use more than double the effect (not easy to bring human bacteria).
2. Appropriate use of some water speed nets, viable bottom bacteria, zeolite powder, and control of shrimp pond bottom in the middle and late breeding period.
3. Do not use disinfectant drugs and antibiotics (such as malachite green, chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, sex hormones, etc.) in the breeding process.
4. Regularly add vitamin C, multidimensional, immune polysaccharides and other biological active substances in the feed to improve the immune resistance of shrimp.
Disease prevention and medication requirements
1, red body disease: "red body" is a significant phenomenon after the occurrence of Penaeus vannamei disease: Some scholars believe it belongs to "Tara syndrome." In fact, white shrimp exhibit a red body appearance in the presence of viral "trace virus" (TSV), bacterial vibrosis, and environmental mutations.
1 Stress Red Body Phenomenon: After physicochemical mutations (such as water temperature, pH value, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite) or heavy rain and heavy rain in shrimp ponds, white shrimp often turns red and tail fan turns red. During the stress period, the disease resistance of white shrimp declined sharply.
Take measures: a. Regularly apply beneficial microorganisms to keep the quality of the shrimp ponds stable; In summer, it is hot and rainy, often using a “scavenger†to keep the water in good algae, with certain transparency, and after normal heavy rain and heavy rain, the pond water quality Has not changed much. b. Restore mutated physicochemical factors as soon as possible. c. Add immune polysaccharides to feedstuffs, shrimps use multidimensional, vitamin c.
2 hemolytic Vibrio rubella phenomenon: This disease shrimp attached to the red, especially swimming feet become red, commonly known as "red leg disease." Shrimp is often red in the whole body, causing high morbidity and mortality.
Take measures: a, depending on the physical conditions of shrimp, using 0.4-0.5ppm povidone iodine Quanchiposa once disinfected; after 3-4 days with Bacillus spore 0.1ppm or Bacillus subtilis 0.4ppm Quanchiposa, Stabilize the pool of algae. b. Oral administration: Add vitamin C and immune polysaccharides to the feed to enhance the prawn's constitution.
3 Viral red body disease (also known as: Taura virus): The diseased shrimp manifests as red beard, red tail, and tail fan become red, and the pigment spots on the shrimp body spread, thicken, and become sparse. However, there is basically no red leg.
Take measures: a, put no specific virus SPF shrimp. b. There is currently no specific drug control. Can take povidone iodine and bacon orally; or rhubarb powder, andrographolide, povidone iodine "triple play" bait orally. c. Appropriate amount of water in the water will increase the beneficial bacteria, and maintain the stability of the algae in the water quality, so as to facilitate recovery of the shrimp's constitution and improve immunity.
2. Leukoplakia: pathogenic baculovirus HVNBV. The diseased shrimp is isolated, does not ingest food, has no food in the stomach, and slowly swims around the pool. Its body color is slightly red, and the head breastplate is easily peeled off. There are many near-circular white spots on the carapace.
Prevention and control measures: a, depending on the physical conditions of shrimp, with 0.4-0.5ppm povidone iodine or 0.5-0.6ppm quaternary ammonium salt glutaraldehyde Quanchiposa once (do not use irritating large disinfection Agent). b. Add immune polysaccharide or EZO bioactive agent to the feed. Enhance shrimp immunity and disease resistance. c. After sterilizing for 3-4 days, the whole pool of Bacillus spp. was spilled with 0.1ppm to ensure that the pool water was fresh and stable, and the recovery of the diseased shrimp was promoted.
3. Black shank disease: Shrimp larvae are orange or brown and gradually turn black. The pathogen is Streptomyces bacilli, which mainly occurs in shrimp ponds with high density and water quality eutrophication.
Control methods: a, with 0.4ppm chlorine dioxide Quanchiposa once disinfected. b. After the drug is given, the Bacillus subtilis (water purifying bacteria) is given so that the pool water becomes refreshing.
Penaeus vannamei is one of the three largest species of shrimp production in the world today. It has the characteristics of rapid growth, wide salinity adaptation, and strong disease resistance. It can be used to avoid deterioration of the seawater environment. The fulminant disease. The low salinity ecological culture of white shrimp in South America is based on comprehensive ecological farming techniques to achieve a relatively balanced aquaculture environment and achieve stable, efficient and healthy breeding.
1. The breeding site must be built without any pollution source, the water quality meets the standard for aquaculture water use, the water source is sufficient, and water intake and drainage are convenient.
2. Rationally use local resources and effectively control the ecological environment so that it can meet the growth and development needs of white shrimp.
3, scientific and rational breeding methods coupled with nutritionally balanced feed; to promote the growth of white shrimp nutrition requirements, and can enhance shrimp autoimmune function, to resist the invasion of pathogens and environmental mutations. Feed selection should use large-scale, stable quality varieties.
4. Control of sediment in the pond. The sediment status of the shrimp pond determines the fertility, buffering stability and mineralization of the pond water quality. A certain thickness of silt can play a role in supplying fertilizer, conserving fertilizer, and regulating and buffering the sudden changes in water quality in shrimp ponds. Bottom mud is rich in nutrients, through the beneficial living bacteria in the water to carry out the nitrogen cycle process, resulting in a large number of inorganic salts and organic substances gradually release water for food bio-use. However, excessively thick silt is unfavorable for aquaculture production. Excessive thick silt will make shrimp pond water shallower and aquaculture space will be reduced; silt will accumulate large amount of organic matter and excessive oxygen consumption will lead to long-term hypoxia, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, H2S concentration is too high. The author believes that a reasonable shrimp pond bottom mud control thickness of 4-8 cents, while dry in the pond to loosening and drying more than one week.
5. Do not use banned disinfectants and antibiotics during the breeding process. Through regular application of beneficial microbial preparations, shrimp pond water maintains its own microecological balance. The colonies formed by it are directly eaten by shrimps and can regulate the intestinal microbiological ecological flora of shrimps and improve immunity and disease resistance. Maintain the stability of the phytoplankton community, absorb and transform shrimp excrement and bottom organic residue. The resulting metabolites are used directly by plankton. The quality of shrimp products produced meets safety and pollution-free standards.
The beneficial microorganisms commonly used in shrimp ponds include Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Nitrification and Denitrification Bacteria, Yeast, Actinomyces, EM, Photosynthetic Bacteria, and Vibrio.
Aquaculture facilities
1, shrimp pond area of ​​5-10 acres is appropriate, rectangular, north-south direction, wide sunny. Flat bottom, sandy soil or sandy loam soil, keep 5-6 cm thick mud. The bottom of the pool is ploughed once after being exposed to sunlight, so that the organic matter in the sediment is decomposed and transformed, and the growth of pathogens is reduced.
2. Each 2-3 mu of shrimp ponds is equipped with a 1.5-kilowatt aerator. Traditionally, waterwheel-type and jet-type aerators have been used. At present, some shrimp ponds use blast air to increase oxygen. The plastic pipes with many small holes are evenly arranged around the shrimp ponds. The air is blown to inflate the air. The oxygenation effect is better, the electricity cost is saved, and the tube air has a certain degree of heat, which can avoid the breeding process. Poor shrimp died near the aerator. Shrimp tanks should be equipped with generator sets.
3. A holding pool is provided in the shrimp pond and the area is 1/4 of the shrimp pond. The conditional aquaculture area is equipped with a water storage sedimentation tank. The influent water flows into the shrimp pond through sedimentation and exposure of the reservoir for 1-2 days, which can improve water quality, reduce water pollution, and prevent excessive water intake and drainage from causing the white shrimp response to stress.
Prepare for stocking
l After the bottom of the pool is ploughed and ploughed, 200kg/mu quick lime or 10kg/mu bleach shall be used to disinfect the whole pool. If the water source is relatively tight, the shrimp pond can be used once to enter the pond water, and then be disinfected with 10 15 kg/mu of bleaching powder. After 23 days, the fertilizer should be fertilized and watered.
2. Temporarily raise the amount of salt brine, agricultural salt or seawater in the holding pool water to keep the salinity at 3‰ or more.
3, culture water can use fermented organic fertilizer, boiled soybean milk, soaked tea bran or fertilizer.
Specific practices: 1 Fermented organic fertilizer: 20-30 kilograms of cattle, pigs, chickens, and duck manure per mu, add yeast after adding water and mixing, mix, cover with plastic film, and use it after several days of fermentation. 2 Tea bran: Use after soaking in warm water for 24 hours. Each use 50-100 kg. 3 Compound fertilizer: Use according to instructions (higher cost, easy to withdraw).
4. Fertilization of organic fertilizers is applied. After the shrimp ponds become thickened, the viable bacteria will be splashed. The ammonia nitrogen and nitrite indicators of the pool water will be normal. The organic matter will be converted into beneficial bacteria and directly absorbed by the plankton. The pond water will be microscopic. Ecological virtuous cycle, you can put seedlings.
Part of the misunderstandings of shrimp farmers' fertilizers and waters: (1) If organic fertilizers are not put into the water, they will directly sprinkling useful live bacteria. Because the beneficial viable bacteria need nutrients as the material basis. (2) When cultivating water, the more zooplankton (commonly known as leeches), the better. Because individual shrimps are small in size, they initially consume mainly phytoplankton, and large amounts of phytoplankton in the leeches will make the pool water thinner. At the same time, a large number of shrimp will produce toxic substances when they are deprived of oxygen. In order to prevent too much water in the shrimp ponds, some filter-feeding fish can be stocked with salmon: 10-15 fish per acre.
Feeding shrimp
1. Choose a healthy prawn which is full of gastrointestinal tract, clear body color, and neat size. Due to the severe degradation of P. vannamei population in recent years, disease resistance has decreased. It is recommended that the shrimp farmer launch the first-generation (F1) shrimp seedlings of the Hawaiian hybrid broodstock (SPF) without specific viruses to increase the breeding success rate.
2, seedling density: ordinary shrimp: 6 - 70,000 tail / mu, no specific virus (SPF) shrimp: 40,000 tail / mu.
Aquaculture management
1. Apply beneficial live bacteria every 15 days to improve the water quality of the shrimp ponds so that the water quality can be kept stable. Ammonia nitrogen and nitrite are not exceeded. In order to reduce the cost of culture, viable bacteria can be stimulated before use, which can greatly increase the number of viable bacteria and improve the use effect. Spur activating bacteria have open and closed methods.
Open type: All microbial preparations can be used. Add appropriate amount of pond water in the bucket, dissolve the live bacteria into the bucket water and add a few jins of brown sugar. Use air bubbles to inflate oxygen for 3 hours to 12 hours. Quanchiposa (easily entrained with bacteria) ).
Closed type: suitable for pure bacteria packaging (such as: save "scavenger"), anaerobic fungi. In the appropriate nutrient base (brown sugar, flour) closed cultivation of 3-4 days, you can greatly increase the number of live bacteria, use more than double the effect (not easy to bring human bacteria).
2. Appropriate use of some water speed nets, viable bottom bacteria, zeolite powder, and control of shrimp pond bottom in the middle and late breeding period.
3. Do not use disinfectant drugs and antibiotics (such as malachite green, chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, sex hormones, etc.) in the breeding process.
4. Regularly add vitamin C, multidimensional, immune polysaccharides and other biological active substances in the feed to improve the immune resistance of shrimp.
Disease prevention and medication requirements
1, red body disease: "red body" is a significant phenomenon after the occurrence of Penaeus vannamei disease: Some scholars believe it belongs to "Tara syndrome." In fact, white shrimp exhibit a red body appearance in the presence of viral "trace virus" (TSV), bacterial vibrosis, and environmental mutations.
1 Stress Red Body Phenomenon: After physicochemical mutations (such as water temperature, pH value, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite) or heavy rain and heavy rain in shrimp ponds, white shrimp often turns red and tail fan turns red. During the stress period, the disease resistance of white shrimp declined sharply.
Take measures: a. Regularly apply beneficial microorganisms to keep the quality of the shrimp ponds stable; In summer, it is hot and rainy, often using a “scavenger†to keep the water in good algae, with certain transparency, and after normal heavy rain and heavy rain, the pond water quality Has not changed much. b. Restore mutated physicochemical factors as soon as possible. c. Add immune polysaccharides to feedstuffs, shrimps use multidimensional, vitamin c.
2 hemolytic Vibrio rubella phenomenon: This disease shrimp attached to the red, especially swimming feet become red, commonly known as "red leg disease." Shrimp is often red in the whole body, causing high morbidity and mortality.
Take measures: a, depending on the physical conditions of shrimp, using 0.4-0.5ppm povidone iodine Quanchiposa once disinfected; after 3-4 days with Bacillus spore 0.1ppm or Bacillus subtilis 0.4ppm Quanchiposa, Stabilize the pool of algae. b. Oral administration: Add vitamin C and immune polysaccharides to the feed to enhance the prawn's constitution.
3 Viral red body disease (also known as: Taura virus): The diseased shrimp manifests as red beard, red tail, and tail fan become red, and the pigment spots on the shrimp body spread, thicken, and become sparse. However, there is basically no red leg.
Take measures: a, put no specific virus SPF shrimp. b. There is currently no specific drug control. Can take povidone iodine and bacon orally; or rhubarb powder, andrographolide, povidone iodine "triple play" bait orally. c. Appropriate amount of water in the water will increase the beneficial bacteria, and maintain the stability of the algae in the water quality, so as to facilitate recovery of the shrimp's constitution and improve immunity.
2. Leukoplakia: pathogenic baculovirus HVNBV. The diseased shrimp is isolated, does not ingest food, has no food in the stomach, and slowly swims around the pool. Its body color is slightly red, and the head breastplate is easily peeled off. There are many near-circular white spots on the carapace.
Prevention and control measures: a, depending on the physical conditions of shrimp, with 0.4-0.5ppm povidone iodine or 0.5-0.6ppm quaternary ammonium salt glutaraldehyde Quanchiposa once (do not use irritating large disinfection Agent). b. Add immune polysaccharide or EZO bioactive agent to the feed. Enhance shrimp immunity and disease resistance. c. After sterilizing for 3-4 days, the whole pool of Bacillus spp. was spilled with 0.1ppm to ensure that the pool water was fresh and stable, and the recovery of the diseased shrimp was promoted.
3. Black shank disease: Shrimp larvae are orange or brown and gradually turn black. The pathogen is Streptomyces bacilli, which mainly occurs in shrimp ponds with high density and water quality eutrophication.
Control methods: a, with 0.4ppm chlorine dioxide Quanchiposa once disinfected. b. After the drug is given, the Bacillus subtilis (water purifying bacteria) is given so that the pool water becomes refreshing.
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