1. Greenhouse grapes pollution-free pollution-free production Standardization Greenhouse grapes are produced in an artificially controlled facility environment. Relatively speaking, they are less affected by the environment and are most suitable for pollution-free and pollution-free production. However, current experience in this area is still high. Less, in order to promote the cultivation of grape plants in China as soon as possible into a new stage of pollution-free, pollution-free, in the development of greenhouse grape production must first understand and attach importance to the production of green food technology requirements. The standardization and standardization of production should be promoted. Base construction must rely on advanced science and technology, and environmental monitoring and regular inspections of products should be taken as a guarantee to form a benign cycle of ecological systems within the greenhouse, and to achieve simultaneous economic, social, and production benefits. The environment, soil, and water quality of the pollution-free production environment of greenhouse grapes must comply with the relevant national regulations and testing standards. The atmospheric environment complies with the GB3095-82 standard; the farmland irrigation water meets the GB-5084-92 standard. In particular, the content of total mercury, cadmium, arsenic, lead, chromium, chloride, fluoride, and cyanide in soil and irrigation water must be lower than national standards; soil quality standards require that the temperature be below the quantitative limit; To make the grape products non-toxic and harmless, strictly control the amount of chemical fertilizers used in the production process, and strictly prohibit the use of highly toxic and high-residue pesticides; grape product quality classification should be carried out according to standards; packaging, transportation, preservation, and sales should be prevented Sub-pollution, product requirements to the "pollution-free agricultural products" standard. 2. Pollution-free management of grape in a greenhouse The production of pollution-free and non-polluting grape products must meet the following technical requirements: 2.1 Selection of varieties Select high-quality, disease-resistant, and insect-resistant varieties, and use virus-free seedlings as much as possible. 2.2 Seedlings were treated with 5 degree lime sulfur before transplanting, and then planted again. 2.3 Fertilization The base fertilizer used in the greenhouse is mainly organic fertilizer with adequate decomposition, and the dosage is 5000kg/mu. At the same time, 50kg of superphosphate is added. 2.4 The greenhouse management shall be controlled in a suitable period and be planted in each season and in the early spring. When the temperature begins to rise, attention shall be paid to ventilation, temperature and humidity control, and comprehensive ecological control of pests and diseases. After saplings are planted, they are covered with plastic film. In the greenhouse, drip irrigation under the film is applied. After the entire plant leaves are formed, the retroreflective film is attached, combined with ecological control, and the temperature and humidity are adjusted and managed according to the requirements of the environment at different stages of growth. Grape greenhouse cultivation is carried out under artificially controlled environmental conditions. Microclimate conditions affect the yield and quality of grapes. Since temperature is a closed or semi-enclosed space, unreasonable cultivation methods not only affect the ecological conditions of the greenhouse, but also affect the grapes. The growth, but also exacerbated the occurrence of certain pests and diseases. In the prevention and control of pests and diseases, greenhouse grapes cannot rely solely on chemical agents to control pests and insects. This not only causes serious grape contamination, but also makes the pests resistant to insects and affects the control effect. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the environmental conditions and pests and diseases required for grape growth and development. The rule of law for the growth of grapes to create the best environment, but does not make this environment conducive to the occurrence of pests and diseases, which is the main basis for ecological control of greenhouse grapes. The environmental conditions that have the greatest impact on pests and diseases in temperature are temperature and humidity. At night, the greenhouse temperature drops, the air humidity is saturated, and water droplets form on the leaf surface. This layer of water needs only 4 to 5 hours on the leaf surface. In the presence of pathogens, downy mildew, gray mold, Blackpox will happen. Excessive air humidity can quickly spread these diseases. When the air in the greenhouse is dry and the wetness diseases are inhibited, high temperature, dry powdery mildew, red spider and other pests will occur. Therefore, it is necessary not only to strengthen the coordinated management of fertilizer and water, but also to focus on the control of greenhouse temperature and humidity in greenhouse cultivation, so that the temperature and humidity are not conducive to various pests and diseases. Continuous cropping of crops in the greenhouse for many years, on the one hand, affects the microbial communities of the grape rhizosphere and deteriorates the physical properties of the soil. On the other hand, the types of pests and diseases in greenhouses are further complicated, which may increase the pests and diseases in greenhouses. It can be seen that the temperature and humidity changes and the intercropping changes in greenhouses are the main environmental conditions that induce grape disease and insect pests. Greenhouses and greenhouses have the advantage of being able to manually control temperature, humidity, and other conditions. Therefore, combining ecological control, coordinating temperature and humidity management, and paying attention to reasonable intercropping can reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, reduce the amount of pesticides, prevent pesticide pollution, and help increase grape yields. And quality. For example, if the relative humidity of the greenhouse air is controlled at 80% to 85%, the occurrence of hi- and hi-stem diseases will be reduced. In winter and early spring, in order to prevent temperature drop and humidity increase in the greenhouse, Mulch Film and drip irrigation technology should be adopted. During the day, attention should be paid to ventilation and ventilation. After the summer temperature is stable, the film can be uncovered and ventilated, and the temperature can be lowered to obtain a good disease prevention effect. To strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, greenhouse grapes should be dominated by organic fertilizers, combined with biological fertilizers, and phosphorus and potash fertilizers should be given priority. Chloride fertilizers are used as little as possible, and fertilizers such as urea and other nitrogen fertilizers are continuously added during growth to prevent the decomposition of fertilizers and the formation of harmful substances such as nitrites. When irrigation, no wastewater from industrial and mining enterprises is used for irrigation. Topdressing can be sprayed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate or other foliar spray at a concentration of 0.3%. Pest control requires pesticides to be selected strictly according to the requirements of pesticides. 3. Allowable fertilizers for greenhouse pollution-free cultivation of grapes 3.1 Permissible base fertilizers (1) Farmyard fertilizers (compost, manure, manure, green manure, crop straw, uncontaminated mud manure, cake manure): Fermentation must be fully applied. , maturity. (2) Commodity organic fertilizer: A commercial fertilizer made from biological materials, animal and plant residues, excrement, and biological waste as raw materials. (3) Humic Acid Fertilizer: Humic acid fertilizer produced from raw materials such as peat, lignite and weathered coal. (4) Microbial fertilizer: It is an active microbial preparation produced by a specific microbial strain, which is non-toxic and harmless, does not pollute the environment, improves plant nutrition or produces plant hormones through microbial activity, and promotes plant growth. Currently, microbial fertilizers are divided into five categories. : 1 Microbial Compound Fertilizer: It is mainly composed of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, activated potassium bacteria and activated phosphorus bacteria. It does not antagonize each other and can improve soil nutrient supply. It is an ideal fertilizer source for producing pollution-free green grape foods. . 2 Azotobacter: It can fix nitrogen in soil and crop rhizosphere to provide nitrogen nutrition for crops. 3 rhizobia fertilizer: can increase the nitrogen nutrition in the soil. 4 Phosphorus Bacterial Fertilizer: It can convert insoluble phosphate in soil into available phosphorus for crops and improve phosphorus nutrition. Phosphate Bacterium Fertilizer: It can decompose potassium phosphate and apatite in the soil such as mica, feldspar and release potassium. (5) Organic compound fertilizer: organic or inorganic substances are mixed or compounded. Such as livestock and poultry manure after detoxification treatment, adding appropriate amounts of zinc, manganese, boron and other trace elements made of fertilizers, fermentation waste liquid drying fertilizer. (6) Inorganic (mineral) fertilizers: mineral potassium and potassium sulfate; mineral phosphate fertilizer (phosphorus ore), calcined phosphate (calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, defluorinated phosphate fertilizer), and powdered sulphur fertilizer (limited use when the greenhouse is alkaline soil ), lime powder (limited use in acidic soils). 3.2 Permissible use of top-dressing greenhouses The topdressing of grapes shall not contain chemically synthesized growth regulators. Allowable foliar fertilizers include trace element fertilizers, fertilizers formulated with trace elements such as copper, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, and molybdenum, and beneficial elements; plant growth assistant fertilizers such as natural organic extracts or beneficial bacteria The broth of the broth is supplemented with some fertilizers such as rot acids, alginic acid amino acids and vitamins. 3.3 Other fertilizers that are allowed to use Foods that are free of synthetic additives, organic by-products of textile products, fertilizers that contain no preservatives such as fish residue, cattle wool waste, bone powder, amino acid residues, bone glue waste, livestock processing waste, etc. . 4. Pesticides for pollution-free cultivation of grapes 4.1 Bio-sourced pesticides (1) Agricultural antibiotics: Control of fungal diseases Available streptozotocin, kasugamycin, poly-mycin, well-mycin, agricultural anti-120, etc.; (Red spider) use Liuyangmycin, Huaguangmycin and so on. Bio-insecticides: Brucella, Brucella. (2) Living Microorganism Pesticides: Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, Lubao 1; bacterial agent Bacillus thuringiensis. (3) Botanical pesticides: insecticides such as pyrethrins, bittersin, rotenone, nicotine, vegetable oil emulsions; fungicides such as allicin; synergists such as sesamin. (4) Mineral-derived pesticides: Inorganic bactericidal fungicides such as sulfur suspensions, lime sulfur, copper sulphate, and Bordeaux mixture; disinfectant potassium permanganate. (5) Organic synthetic pesticides should be used in limited quantities, including organic synthetic pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc. The above new pesticides should be selected according to the specific conditions of each place. 5. Greenhouse grapes pollution-free cultivation of pesticides prohibited? For highly toxic, highly toxic, high residue or carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic pesticides must be strictly prohibited in the cultivation of grape greenhouses, such as: 1 inorganic arsenic pesticides, inorganic arsenic fungicides, organic mercury fungicides, organic chlorine Insecticides such as DDT, 666 Lindane, Dieldrin and others. 2 Organochlorine acaricides such as dicofol 3 organophosphorus insecticides such as formazan, phorate, parathion, omethoate, and phosphoammonium. Malathion cannot be used on grapes grown in greenhouses. 4 substituted phosphorus insecticides such as pentachloronitrobenzene. 5 organic synthesis plant growth regulators. 6 Chemical herbicides, such as herbicides such as herbicide ether, herbicide ether, etc. 6. Chemical pesticides restricted by pollution-free cultivation These pesticides can be temporarily applied to greenhouse grapes, but they must be carefully selected according to the requirements for the production of green foods. Chemical pesticides should be limited in terms of types, intervals, and dosages. 7. Pollution-free grape packaging, preservation, and market requirements Greenhouse Green Food Grapes, the post-harvest grading of products should be carried out according to the stipulated standards, intermediate treatment links should reduce secondary pollution, in order to keep the product fresh, increase commodity rate, in order to achieve better The economic benefits. The greenhouse grape harvesting and post-processing are carried out according to the following procedures: Timely harvesting → Standard grading → Pre-cooling → Packaging → Storage preservation → Testing → Sealing bag packaging → Marketing. Source: "The Symposium of Beijing Agricultural Harmless Production and Technology Countermeasures Symposium" Edited by China Agricultural Network
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