First, to ensure that the soil is free from harmful pathogens, several effective treatments can be applied. One approach is to replace the soil or practice crop rotation in the field, which helps break the life cycle of pests and diseases. Additionally, maintaining good growing conditions through proper management plays a key role in preventing soil-borne issues. If soil disinfection is necessary, it should be done annually using methods such as steam, soaking, or chemical treatments. The choice of method depends on factors like temperature, duration, and chemical concentration.
Steam sterilization is an effective technique for treating soil up to 25–30 cm deep at a temperature of 80°C for at least one hour. Interestingly, low-pressure steam tends to be more effective than high-pressure steam. This method helps control various diseases, except for pyocyanosis. To enhance the effectiveness, specialized bactericides can be used alongside steam. However, when dealing with acidic sludge (low pH), steam can release excessive manganese, which may be harmful. To address this, adding lime to adjust the pH or using short-term steam treatment can keep manganese levels within safe limits.
Another method involves soaking the soil in a greenhouse. In May, crops like two-color plants are sown. By mid-June, when the plants reach about 50 cm in height, the soil is tilled to a depth of 20 cm. Then, 100 kg of calcium nitrate is applied per 1,000 square meters. By late July, the soil is formed into raised beds 60–70 cm wide, watered, and covered with plastic film. After 2 to 3 weeks, the soil is tilled again and tested for pH and electrical conductivity.
Chemical disinfection is another option if feasible. Fungicides and other chemicals can be used, but the process should be carried out when the soil temperature is between 10°C and 12°C. Once applied, the soil is covered with plastic. After three days of warm weather, the cover is left for 7 to 10 days, depending on the climate, before removal.
Pythium, a common pathogen, has a strong regenerative ability, so a single annual treatment may not be sufficient. To effectively manage fungal growth, fungicides should be applied before each planting season. For even distribution, the wettable powder can be mixed with sand and spread manually, or sprayed using a watering can with warm water. This method ensures coverage down to 15–20 cm below the surface. It's important to mix the fungicide thoroughly with the soil, either by hand or using a rotary cultivator, to maximize its effectiveness.
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