A wide range of non-nutritive additives, the following describes only a few commonly used?
(1) Anti-collision reef agent: Unsaturated fatty acids contained in feed are easily oxidized to oxides, peroxides and low molecular aldehydes, ketones, acids, etc., which degrade the fatty acids, thereby reducing the nutritional value of fat and damaging the fish The growth of shrimp, rancid fat can also cause the destruction of vitamins. The rancid product reacts with lysine and the like, and can lower the bio price of the protein. Therefore, in order to prevent the oxidation of fat and the destruction of vitamins. Antioxidants need to be added to the feed. There are three types of antioxidants commonly used in fish and shrimp feeds.
1 butyl hydroxy methoxy methoxybenzene (BHA): colorless or yellowish waxy crystals, insoluble in water. The amount is 0.02%.
22,6-di-tert-butyl cresol (BHT): White or light yellow crystalline powder, not tolerant to water. The amount is 0.02%.
36-ethoxy base, 2,4-3 trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (AW): A tan viscous liquid that is insoluble in water. The amount is also 0.02%. When AW is used, it needs to add 10-20% of Tween, and then mix with a small amount of water to form an emulsion; or mix well with a small amount of organic acid such as aqueous solution of citric acid to form an emulsion, and then mix it with other dry feeds. Extrusion molding. BHA has a phenolic odor, BHT has no offensive odor, and is a crystalline powder and is easy to handle. Therefore, BHT is generally used more frequently.
When BHT is used together with citric acid, ascorbic acid, glucose, or other reducing agents, the antioxidant effect is particularly significant when the amount of BHT is 1/4-1/2 of BHT.
It should be emphasized here that any antioxidant should be used before the fat is oxidized and deteriorated. Even if antioxidants are used, it will not help.
(2) Anti-mold agents: If the compound feed or feed material is moldy, not only its nutritional value is reduced, but also due to the breeding of mold, it can also produce toxins and make fish and shrimp sick. Therefore, measures should be taken to ensure that the feed is not moldy. Moldy feed is related to moisture content and temperature and humidity in beverages. When the feed water content is below 10%, ie, the water activity is less than 0.60, any microorganisms cannot grow, but in the summer, the high temperature and humidity of more than 10% provide the conditions for the growth of mold, even if sealed, it may be due to feed moisture. The evaporation condenses on the surface of the feed, so that the feed surface moisture is greater than 10%, in this case it can also be moldy. Therefore, antifungal agents should be added to the feed.
All fungicides that are approved in foods such as propionic acid, sodium propionate, sorbic acid, sodium sorbate, and sodium benzoate can all be used in the fodder. The dosage is 0.1-0.3%; Nobuchi No. 1 is added. 250-50010-6; moldy enemy is a compound anti-mold agent, its main component is woody acid, propionic acid, sorbic acid and fumaric acid, etc., has a good anti-mildew effect.
(3) Antibacterial agents: In addition to anti-corruption, antibacterial agents are currently used for the prevention and treatment of shrimp diseases.
In August and September, when the water temperature rises, when the water quality is not good, bacteria will multiply, leading to the occurrence and spread of shrimp disease. At this time, antibacterial agents can be added to feed to prevent bacterial diseases. Such as oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, oxazole, furazolidone, norfloxacin and other drugs, respectively, according to need to be added to the feed, can prevent shrimp red-leg disease, white spot, gill disease.
Use antibiotics should pay attention to the following issues:
1 Generally, antibiotics are made into 1-10% premixes containing pure antibiotics and mixed with other premixes. They must not be directly added to premixed feeds, and they must not be directly added to feeds to avoid uneven mixing.
2 Regarding the problem of residues, studies have shown that when the amount of antibiotics in animals reaches a certain amount, they do not continue to accumulate, and the amount of supply and excretion reach a state of balance. After a certain period of time after feeding, the antibiotics can disappear in the body, and most of the remission takes about 3-6 days. Therefore, in order to prevent antibiotics from remaining in fish and shrimp, the antibiotic should be stopped before the fish and shrimp are harvested.
3 The resistance to pathogens is a big problem with the current use of antibiotics. Originally, vector antibiotics had the effect of hindering the development of certain bacteria, and inactivated the bacteria with strong antibacterial sensitivity. However, the long-term use of antibiotics by animals has, for some reason, led to mutations in certain bacterial groups and resistance, increased tolerance, and resistance to antibiotics. Once these drug-resistant strains enter the human body, the disease will be greater. Dosage antibiotic treatment may also be of no avail. How to solve the problem of drug resistance is worthy of attention. The solution is: to study antibiotic-resistant antibiotics; or to use shuttle drugs when using, and rotate various antibiotics.
(4) Growth-promoting agents: Growth-promoting agents are mainly used to enhance the feeding effect of feedstuffs. An ideal people's growth-promoting agent should be free of fish and shrimp and does not affect the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Great, easy to use. The following fish and shrimp growth promoters are currently used:
1N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-quinoxalineamide-1,4-dioxide: trade name olaquinoline, fast-breathing spirit. The optimum amount of 30010-6 (300 mg/kg feed) was found in the shrimp bait. The shrimp growth rate was 20% higher than the control group, and the shrimp survival rate was increased by more than 10%. Xu Jiamin et al. used olaquindox several times in the growth stages of shrimp larvae, larvae, larvae, 5-6 cm long and 8-9 cm long, regardless of growth rate, weight gain rate, or survival rate. Have achieved significant results.
2 Triacontanol: Triacontanol is a plant growth hormone. Weng Jie et al added n-triacontanol to the feed to feed shrimp. The results showed that the weight gain was about 25% higher than that of the control group, and the feed coefficient was 2.46 (feeding for 35 days). The effect of promoting growth was obvious; the feeding of eel was also obvious. Promote growth effect.
3 Pollen: Pollen contains a variety of vitamins and biologically active substances. Adding 0.1-0.5% to shrimp drinks has a role in promoting growth. Pollen is used in alfalfa, although it also has a promoting effect, but it is not significant.
(5) Promoting food intake: Additives for digesting and improving physical fitness:
1 attractant: Its role is to improve the palatability of formulated feeds, to induce and promote animal feeding.
It has been reported that glycine and alanine in oysters have a provocative effect on squid, inosinic acid and alanine, and valine significantly increase the stimulating ability of larval fish, glycine, alanine, and nucleotides. Both betaine and methyl esters have a role in attracting food intake to shrimps. Linbei? Based on Miyawaki (11) Drought and account deficits (11) (10) Hang ammonia 俸 è½æ§²é” è½æ§²é” å¸ Ð§ Ч Ч Ч 飨 ( ( (10) 阂 é˜Œæ˜§æ³ é˜Œæ˜§æ³ . . .. % is better.
2 Enzyme Preparation: The physiological value of general plant proteins is lower than that of animal proteins. One of the reasons is the low rate of digestion and absorption of plant proteins. If it can be degraded in advance, it can increase its digestion and absorption rate, thereby increasing its physiological value. Mai Kangsen, etc. use protease to treat peanut cake, its protein digestion and absorption rate can be increased to 95.5%, close to the digestion and absorption rate of fresh mussel meat ( 97.2%), the increase in digestion and absorption of various amino acids is even greater. Experiments on shrimps fed with Mojik showed that the addition of trypsin not only increased the survival rate significantly, but also accelerated the growth. The addition of amylase to diets had a growth-promoting effect on Japanese shrimps. The preparation of fish feed by adding digestive enzymes can also have the effect of accelerating fish growth.
3 Coloring agents: artificially cultivated fish and shrimp are often not as bright and natural as natural fish and shrimps, affecting their commercial value. Adding coloring agents to feed can improve the body color of farmed fish and shrimp.
Feeding true toads on feed containing astaxanthin can improve the body's body color. Adding 0.001-0.004% bare ketone to feed can improve the color and color of eggs on Mondays. True and rainbow trout cannot change the composition of pigments. , but can directly deposit the pigment in the body.
Adding a certain amount of carotenoids to the diet fed shrimp, after 8 weeks, the astaxanthin in the shrimp will try to reach the highest value. After 4 weeks, the improvement of color can be seen. In the shrimp body, the synthetic nude ketone can be dyed as astaxanthin. This pigment is coated with gelatin and is not easy to be oxidized. The amount is 0.02% and it is fed for 4 weeks. The effect is obvious.
(1) Anti-collision reef agent: Unsaturated fatty acids contained in feed are easily oxidized to oxides, peroxides and low molecular aldehydes, ketones, acids, etc., which degrade the fatty acids, thereby reducing the nutritional value of fat and damaging the fish The growth of shrimp, rancid fat can also cause the destruction of vitamins. The rancid product reacts with lysine and the like, and can lower the bio price of the protein. Therefore, in order to prevent the oxidation of fat and the destruction of vitamins. Antioxidants need to be added to the feed. There are three types of antioxidants commonly used in fish and shrimp feeds.
1 butyl hydroxy methoxy methoxybenzene (BHA): colorless or yellowish waxy crystals, insoluble in water. The amount is 0.02%.
22,6-di-tert-butyl cresol (BHT): White or light yellow crystalline powder, not tolerant to water. The amount is 0.02%.
36-ethoxy base, 2,4-3 trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (AW): A tan viscous liquid that is insoluble in water. The amount is also 0.02%. When AW is used, it needs to add 10-20% of Tween, and then mix with a small amount of water to form an emulsion; or mix well with a small amount of organic acid such as aqueous solution of citric acid to form an emulsion, and then mix it with other dry feeds. Extrusion molding. BHA has a phenolic odor, BHT has no offensive odor, and is a crystalline powder and is easy to handle. Therefore, BHT is generally used more frequently.
When BHT is used together with citric acid, ascorbic acid, glucose, or other reducing agents, the antioxidant effect is particularly significant when the amount of BHT is 1/4-1/2 of BHT.
It should be emphasized here that any antioxidant should be used before the fat is oxidized and deteriorated. Even if antioxidants are used, it will not help.
(2) Anti-mold agents: If the compound feed or feed material is moldy, not only its nutritional value is reduced, but also due to the breeding of mold, it can also produce toxins and make fish and shrimp sick. Therefore, measures should be taken to ensure that the feed is not moldy. Moldy feed is related to moisture content and temperature and humidity in beverages. When the feed water content is below 10%, ie, the water activity is less than 0.60, any microorganisms cannot grow, but in the summer, the high temperature and humidity of more than 10% provide the conditions for the growth of mold, even if sealed, it may be due to feed moisture. The evaporation condenses on the surface of the feed, so that the feed surface moisture is greater than 10%, in this case it can also be moldy. Therefore, antifungal agents should be added to the feed.
All fungicides that are approved in foods such as propionic acid, sodium propionate, sorbic acid, sodium sorbate, and sodium benzoate can all be used in the fodder. The dosage is 0.1-0.3%; Nobuchi No. 1 is added. 250-50010-6; moldy enemy is a compound anti-mold agent, its main component is woody acid, propionic acid, sorbic acid and fumaric acid, etc., has a good anti-mildew effect.
(3) Antibacterial agents: In addition to anti-corruption, antibacterial agents are currently used for the prevention and treatment of shrimp diseases.
In August and September, when the water temperature rises, when the water quality is not good, bacteria will multiply, leading to the occurrence and spread of shrimp disease. At this time, antibacterial agents can be added to feed to prevent bacterial diseases. Such as oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, oxazole, furazolidone, norfloxacin and other drugs, respectively, according to need to be added to the feed, can prevent shrimp red-leg disease, white spot, gill disease.
Use antibiotics should pay attention to the following issues:
1 Generally, antibiotics are made into 1-10% premixes containing pure antibiotics and mixed with other premixes. They must not be directly added to premixed feeds, and they must not be directly added to feeds to avoid uneven mixing.
2 Regarding the problem of residues, studies have shown that when the amount of antibiotics in animals reaches a certain amount, they do not continue to accumulate, and the amount of supply and excretion reach a state of balance. After a certain period of time after feeding, the antibiotics can disappear in the body, and most of the remission takes about 3-6 days. Therefore, in order to prevent antibiotics from remaining in fish and shrimp, the antibiotic should be stopped before the fish and shrimp are harvested.
3 The resistance to pathogens is a big problem with the current use of antibiotics. Originally, vector antibiotics had the effect of hindering the development of certain bacteria, and inactivated the bacteria with strong antibacterial sensitivity. However, the long-term use of antibiotics by animals has, for some reason, led to mutations in certain bacterial groups and resistance, increased tolerance, and resistance to antibiotics. Once these drug-resistant strains enter the human body, the disease will be greater. Dosage antibiotic treatment may also be of no avail. How to solve the problem of drug resistance is worthy of attention. The solution is: to study antibiotic-resistant antibiotics; or to use shuttle drugs when using, and rotate various antibiotics.
(4) Growth-promoting agents: Growth-promoting agents are mainly used to enhance the feeding effect of feedstuffs. An ideal people's growth-promoting agent should be free of fish and shrimp and does not affect the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Great, easy to use. The following fish and shrimp growth promoters are currently used:
1N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-quinoxalineamide-1,4-dioxide: trade name olaquinoline, fast-breathing spirit. The optimum amount of 30010-6 (300 mg/kg feed) was found in the shrimp bait. The shrimp growth rate was 20% higher than the control group, and the shrimp survival rate was increased by more than 10%. Xu Jiamin et al. used olaquindox several times in the growth stages of shrimp larvae, larvae, larvae, 5-6 cm long and 8-9 cm long, regardless of growth rate, weight gain rate, or survival rate. Have achieved significant results.
2 Triacontanol: Triacontanol is a plant growth hormone. Weng Jie et al added n-triacontanol to the feed to feed shrimp. The results showed that the weight gain was about 25% higher than that of the control group, and the feed coefficient was 2.46 (feeding for 35 days). The effect of promoting growth was obvious; the feeding of eel was also obvious. Promote growth effect.
3 Pollen: Pollen contains a variety of vitamins and biologically active substances. Adding 0.1-0.5% to shrimp drinks has a role in promoting growth. Pollen is used in alfalfa, although it also has a promoting effect, but it is not significant.
(5) Promoting food intake: Additives for digesting and improving physical fitness:
1 attractant: Its role is to improve the palatability of formulated feeds, to induce and promote animal feeding.
It has been reported that glycine and alanine in oysters have a provocative effect on squid, inosinic acid and alanine, and valine significantly increase the stimulating ability of larval fish, glycine, alanine, and nucleotides. Both betaine and methyl esters have a role in attracting food intake to shrimps. Linbei? Based on Miyawaki (11) Drought and account deficits (11) (10) Hang ammonia 俸 è½æ§²é” è½æ§²é” å¸ Ð§ Ч Ч Ч 飨 ( ( (10) 阂 é˜Œæ˜§æ³ é˜Œæ˜§æ³ . . .. % is better.
2 Enzyme Preparation: The physiological value of general plant proteins is lower than that of animal proteins. One of the reasons is the low rate of digestion and absorption of plant proteins. If it can be degraded in advance, it can increase its digestion and absorption rate, thereby increasing its physiological value. Mai Kangsen, etc. use protease to treat peanut cake, its protein digestion and absorption rate can be increased to 95.5%, close to the digestion and absorption rate of fresh mussel meat ( 97.2%), the increase in digestion and absorption of various amino acids is even greater. Experiments on shrimps fed with Mojik showed that the addition of trypsin not only increased the survival rate significantly, but also accelerated the growth. The addition of amylase to diets had a growth-promoting effect on Japanese shrimps. The preparation of fish feed by adding digestive enzymes can also have the effect of accelerating fish growth.
3 Coloring agents: artificially cultivated fish and shrimp are often not as bright and natural as natural fish and shrimps, affecting their commercial value. Adding coloring agents to feed can improve the body color of farmed fish and shrimp.
Feeding true toads on feed containing astaxanthin can improve the body's body color. Adding 0.001-0.004% bare ketone to feed can improve the color and color of eggs on Mondays. True and rainbow trout cannot change the composition of pigments. , but can directly deposit the pigment in the body.
Adding a certain amount of carotenoids to the diet fed shrimp, after 8 weeks, the astaxanthin in the shrimp will try to reach the highest value. After 4 weeks, the improvement of color can be seen. In the shrimp body, the synthetic nude ketone can be dyed as astaxanthin. This pigment is coated with gelatin and is not easy to be oxidized. The amount is 0.02% and it is fed for 4 weeks. The effect is obvious.
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