First, the types and applications of organic fertilizers
Organic fertilizer contains manure, green manure, manure, and compost. These fertilizers contain inorganic salts such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and organic substances such as proteins, fats, and sugars. Fertilizer effect is good and long-lasting, but it is slow after application, so it is also called "delayed fertilizer." Organic fertilizers will rot and decompose in water, consume oxygen in water, and release toxic gases (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc.) will have a certain impact on the growth of fish. When applying, it is not appropriate to directly apply large amounts of fresh organic fertilizer directly to fish ponds. Instead, it should be cooked after the closed fermentation is appropriate.
Manure
Including human, livestock, poultry, etc., is a kind of good effect fertilizer, containing more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other fertilizers, while containing a certain amount of calcium, sulfur, iron and other elements, should be used as top dressing. Since the nitrogen in the excreta is easily volatilized, it is capped and stored before use so that it can be used after fermentation. When applying, it is necessary to determine the dosage according to the conditions of the pool, according to the depth of water, fat and fish activity. The method of using a small number of times can avoid sudden deterioration of water quality.
2. Manure
Fertilizer is a mixture of livestock and poultry excreta and litter. It also contains abundant nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. However, the litter contains more cellulose and the decomposition is slower. In the rural areas, manure pits are used to store or accumulate manure after decomposing. More basal fertilizer can also be used as top dressing. As a base fertilizer, the amount of mu is about 500 kg; for top dressing, it can be applied once every 7 days or so, and the dosage is about one-tenth of the basic fertilizer. The specific method is to stack the manure fertilizer in the corner of the pond, submerge it into water, and gradually subdivide the fertilizer into points, spread it into the water for the use of the baits, and the result is good.
3. Green manure
Including a variety of wild non-toxic, fast decomposition of grass, leaves, twigs and stems and leaves of a variety of cultivated crops, such as clover, beans (hu beans), water peanuts, water hyacinth, etc., can be used as fish feed material. These green manures are easy to harvest, have the advantages of low cost and quick effect. It can be used as a raw material for composting or it can be directly placed in a pond. Generally, the straw is bundled and stacked on the edge of the pool, and the stones are pressed on the bottom of the water to allow them to smash, and fat fractions are precipitated to achieve the purpose of cultivating plankton.
4. Composting
Composting refers to the use of manure and forage to mix fermented manure. Production method: prepare enough grass and livestock, poultry manure; Layers are piled up in prepared pits or pits. First put a layer of grass, sprinkle a small amount (about 1%) of quicklime, put a layer of manure, load the pits, and add water. Simply immerse in water and seal the pit with a thin layer of mud. About half a month or so can be used. When used, uncover - part of the mud, take the juice in the fish pond.
Second, the type and application of inorganic fertilizers
Inorganic fertilizers are also called chemical fertilizers. These fertilizers contain relatively simple nutrients, most of which are fertilizers containing only two fertilizers. The applied water is easily decomposed and soon becomes effective, so it is also referred to as "available fertilizer." Including nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and calcium fertilizer.
Nitrogen fertilizer
Nitrogen fertilizers can be directly absorbed and utilized by phytoplankton. In the aquaculture industry, phytoplankton growth and reproduction are often used to increase the amount of filter-feeding fish and non-feeding baits. Nitrogen fertilizers commonly used for fish farming include ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and urea. These nitrogenous fertilizers that exist in the ammonium state can easily become gas volatilization and reduce the fertilizer effect in the case of alkali, so they cannot be mixed with alkaline fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers are also fast-acting fertilizers, which are suitable for top-dressing and base fertilizers. When basal fertilizer is applied, 1.5 to 2 kilograms can be applied per acre, and the amount of top dressing is 1/4 to 1/3 of the base fertilizer.
2. Phosphate fertilizer
The commonly used phosphate fertilizers include superphosphate and phosphate rock powder. Phosphorus is generally absent from ponds. The application of phosphate fertilizers has a significant effect on the growth of plankton and aquatic organisms. Superphosphate is a water-soluble quick-acting fertilizer containing 16% to 18% of available phosphorus. Phosphorite ore is crushed by phosphate ore. The phosphorus compounds contained are mainly fluorapatite which is difficult to decompose. The availability of phosphorus is poor and the fertilizer efficiency is also slow. When using superphosphate as top dressing, the amount of mu can be 0.25 kg. Also cannot be mixed with alkaline fertilizers, otherwise it will play a chemical role, producing insoluble tricalcium phosphate and reducing fertilizer efficiency.
3. Potash fertilizer
The common potassium fertilizers include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and ash, all of which can be dissolved in water. Under normal circumstances, the potassium in the pond water is sufficient, so the amount of potassium fertilizer used does not need too much. The amount of mus for basal fertilizer is roughly 0.5 kg; for top dressing, the amount of basal fertilizer can be 1/4 to 1/3. Plant ash contains more potassium and more alkalinity, and this property cannot be ignored when used in combination with other fertilizers. When using ash, it is best to moisten the ash and spread it evenly in the pond. It should also be pointed out that the ash should be kept dry, and if it is exposed to rain, its potassium content will be lost. Potassium fertilizer is usually mixed with nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the mixed fertilizer is preferably 2:2:1.
4.Calcium fertilizer
The commonly used calcium fertilizers include quicklime and hydrated lime. The application of calcium fertilizer has many functions, which can not only disinfect, but also neutralize acid water and provide the calcium needed for aquatic organisms. One of the most common and most suitable is quicklime, which is convenient and economical, can be used as a disinfectant for clear ponds, and can also be used as base fertilizer and top dressing.
5. Compound fertilizer
General refers to chemical fertilizers made by chemical methods that contain two or two of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. There are two kinds of elements called binary compound fertilizers, such as ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate, etc.; contain three kinds of ternary compound fertilizers, such as potassium nitrate and so on. In addition, multiple compound fertilizers also contain three elements and some other elements. Application of compound fertilizer can meet the needs of plants for a variety of nutrients, its fertilizer effect is better than other fertilizers, and storage and transportation are also more convenient.
Third, fertilization should pay attention to matters
Fertilization should be targeted so as to apply fertilizer according to the thin and reasonable water. Generally thin ponds and newly built ponds should be filled with basal fertilisers; old fish ponds with more fertilizer ponds and silt can be used without base fertilizers. In order to supplement the consumption of fertilizers in the water body and promote the bio-proliferation of the food, additional fertilizers are required for the fish ponds. Top dressing should grasp the principle of timely, uniform and less frequent.
The effect of fertilization should vary with the seasons, generally less in the spring and autumn (each time the amount can be more), and more in the summer (each time the amount should be less). Usually according to the weather, color and fish changes, apply fertilizer. Usually the weather is more sunny and more rainy days, or in the rainy days, the water is light and multi-purpose. When floating heads or diseases are found, they are not applied. In addition, in order to give full play to the different roles of various fertilizers, it is best to use organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers at the same time or in the actual production, so that they can complement their weaknesses.
When it is known that the water body is lacking in certain or certain fertilizer components, it is advisable to apply a certain kind of compound fertilizer or a single chemical fertilizer to compensate the deficiency. In short, fertilization has to take into account many factors, and it is often necessary to adjust it according to specific conditions in production practices in order to achieve good results.
Ventilator block diagram
One. Main mechanical ventilation modes
(1) Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV): positive pressure in the inspiratory phase and zero pressure in the expiratory phase. 1. Working principle: The ventilator generates positive pressure in the inspiratory phase and presses the gas into the lungs. After the pressure rises to a certain level or the inhaled volume reaches a certain level, the ventilator stops supplying air, the exhalation valve opens, and the patient's thorax Passive collapse of the lungs and exhalation. 2. Clinical application: Various patients with respiratory failure mainly based on ventilation function, such as COPD.
(2) Intermittent positive and negative pressure ventilation (IPNPV): the inspiratory phase is positive pressure and the expiratory phase is negative pressure. 1. How it works: The ventilator works both in the inspiratory and exhaled phases. 2. Clinical application: Expiratory negative pressure can cause alveolar collapse and cause iatrogenic atelectasis.
(3) Continuous positive pressure airway ventilation (CPAP): Refers to the patient's spontaneous breathing and artificial positive airway pressure during the entire respiratory cycle. 1. Working principle: Inspiratory phase gives continuous positive pressure air flow, and exhalation phase also gives a certain resistance, so that the airway pressure of inhalation and exhalation phases are higher than atmospheric pressure. 2. Advantages: The continuous positive pressure airflow during inhalation is greater than the inspiratory airflow, which saves the patient's inhalation effort, increases FRC, and prevents the collapse of the airway and alveoli. Can be used for exercise before going offline. 3. Disadvantages: great interference to circulation, large pressure injury of lung tissue.
(4) Intermittent command ventilation and synchronized intermittent command ventilation (IMV / SIMV) IMV: There is no synchronization device, the ventilator air supply does not require the patient's spontaneous breathing trigger, and the time of each air supply in the breathing cycle is not constant. 2. SIMV: There is a synchronization device. The ventilator gives the patient a commanded breath according to the pre-designed breathing parameters every minute. The patient can breathe spontaneously without being affected by the ventilator. 3. Advantages: It exerts its ability to regulate breathing while offline; it has less influence on circulation and lungs than IPPV; it reduces the use of shock medicine to a certain extent. 4. Application: It is generally considered to be used when off-line. When R <5 times / min, it still maintains a good oxygenation state. You can consider off-line. Generally, PSV is added to avoid respiratory muscle fatigue.
(5) Mandatory ventilation per minute (MMV) When spontaneous breathing> preset minute ventilation, the ventilator does not command ventilation, but only provides a continuous positive pressure. 2. When spontaneous breathing is less than the preset minute ventilation volume, the ventilator performs command ventilation to increase the minute ventilation volume to reach the preset level.
(6) Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) Definition: Under the prerequisite of spontaneous breathing, each inhalation receives a certain level of pressure support, increasing the patient's inhalation depth and inhalation volume. 2. How it works: The inspiratory pressure begins with the patient's inspiratory action, and ends when the inspiratory flow rate decreases to a certain level or the patient attempts to exhale hard. Compared with IPPV, the pressure it supports is constant, and it is adjusted by the feedback of the inspiratory flow rate. Compared with SIMV, it can get pressure support for each inhalation, but the level of support can be set according to different needs. 3. Application: SIMV + PSV: used for preparation before off-line, can reduce breathing work and oxygen consumption Indications: Exercise the ventilator; prepare before going offline; the ventilator is weak due to various reasons; severe flail chest causes abnormal breathing. 5. Note: Generally not used alone, it will produce insufficient or excessive ventilation.
(7) Volume Supported Ventilation (VSV): Each breath is triggered by the patient's spontaneous breathing. The patient can also breathe without any support and can reach the expected TV and MV levels. The ventilator will allow the patient to be truly autonomous Breathing also applies to preparations before going offline.
(8) Capacity control of pressure regulation
(IX) Biphasic or bilevel positive pressure ventilation How it works: P1 is equivalent to inspiratory pressure, P2 is equivalent to breathing pressure, T1 is equivalent to inspiratory time, and T2 is equivalent to exhalation time. 2. Clinical application: (1) When P1 = inspiratory pressure, T1 = inspiratory time, P2 = 0 or PEEP, T2 = expiratory time, which is equivalent to IPPV. (2) When P1 = PEEP, T1 = infinity, P2 = 0, T2 = O, which is equivalent to CPAP. (3) When P1 = inspiratory pressure, T1 = inspiratory time, P2-0 or PEEP, T2 = desired controlled inhalation cycle, equivalent to SIMV.
Medical Positive Pressure Breathing Machine
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