(II) Pond culture
There are two kinds of monoculture and polyculture in carp pond culture. Since monoculture can not fully exert the productivity of water, production of fish and polyculture of common carp, grasshopper and grass carp is generally adopted.
1. Pond conditions
There is no special requirement for the size and shape of the fish pond. The bottom of the pond should have a certain slope, and the bottom quality should be a sandy bottom. The water depth should be maintained at 1.5 to 2.0 meters. Pond water is best with neutral water quality.
2. Fish species stocking
The density of fingerling stocking should be based on the mix of polyculture objects, the pond's fatness is adapted to local conditions, and the intensive culture of the main stocking is the stocking of squid. There are 5,000 to 15,000 squids with 7 to 8 centimetres in size for each hectare, and about 1,000 for the family fish. ; Or about 150 grams of large-size squid species of 4000 to 6000, mixed amount of home fish (the number of stocking depending on the number of pond food organisms may be); mainly freshwater fish, mixed fish ponds, generally mixed Rearing fish fry 1000 to 2000 tails. In Dongguan and Bao'an, Guangdong, high-density stocking is commonly used, and then sparsely removed by the method of raising large numbers and keeping small. The stocking density is 30,000 to 40,000 per hectare.
3. Feeding management
(1) Fertilization: Generally, 200 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 225 kg of sulfate fertilizer are applied per hectare every two weeks. In addition, appropriate amount of organic fertilizer such as manure, livestock manure, etc. should be applied each time. Under fertilizer and water conditions, and when the stocking density is reasonable, after 150 to 200 days of growth, the squid can grow to 500 to 700 grams.
(2) Feeding: The feeds usually fed are peanut cakes, rice bran, wheat bran, and distiller's grains. Among them, rice bran and wheat bran are more commonly used. Although the nutritional content of peanut cake is relatively high, the cost is relatively high. It is useful for fishermen. The number of feedings is once per day, and it is released in the morning. The amount of feeding is generally 1% to 2% of the total weight of the fish.
(3) Anti-pan flooding: As the pond cultured catfish are now cultivated in high-density ponds, the occurrence of anoxic flotation occurs frequently in daily management, especially during the hot and humid seasons. During the aquaculture process, ponds should be patrolled frequently, especially when the air pressure is low in the morning. When the floating head is found, it is necessary to inject new water in time or turn on aerator to increase oxygen.
4. Fishing
Because most of the current pond culture in Guangdong area adopts high-density farming methods. The harvesting and harvesting methods are all based on the method of raising the size of the land. Therefore, the catch of the pond cultured carp is a year-round production. There are two main methods for catching salmon in ponds: net fishing and trawling. The net catch is small, but it is easy to operate and suitable for small-scale production. Trawl fishing catches are large, suitable for large-scale commercial fish market needs, but the workload is large, generally need to concentrate more manpower for production, due to the existence of a variety of specifications for pond farming salmon, when fishing, regardless of the use of Casting nets or trawls, fishnet mesh to choose the right, over the General Assembly of the individual smaller, not the product specifications of juvenile fish damage.
5. Fresh-keeping technology
Because of their irritable character, the squid is prone to death after catching water, and it is difficult to transport live fish. Generally, it is only possible to maintain the body color of squid when it is fresh. In order to maintain the bright color of squid, fresh water treatment is very important. The method currently used is mainly the chilling preservation method. In the preparation, the ice is preliminarily used to make the ice pieces well. When fishing, firstly put the appropriate amount of well water or tap water in the container of the fish (usually a fish bucket). Add about 5% salt and mix well, then add ice cubes and catch the fish. Finally, add ice cubes on the bucket, and cover with sacks or other insulation materials, so that the temperature can be kept low at about 4 ~ 6 hours. Although fish that has been treated in this way cannot survive, they can maintain their body color when fresh and have the umami taste of fresh fish. They do not have a muddy smell and increase their value.
Disease prevention and treatment
Among the many seawater and freshwater fishes currently bred, carp is one of the fish with few diseases. However, due to the increase in the intensity of cultivation and the increase in density in recent years, the method of adopting large-scale fishing and small-scale catches has been adopted. The fish body is damaged to varying degrees, and farmed salmon often suffer from diseases and cause death. They include bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, parasitic protozoal diseases, parasitic helminthiasis, and diseases caused by crustaceans.
Bacterial diseases
Pasteuric bacterial disease caused by Pasteur bacterial infection. The mucus of infected fish was increased, and purulent substances were found in the abdomen. A large number of bacteria were seen from the blood of infected squid. The bacteria had bipolar flagella, which were thick and polymorphic rods with blunt ends. The disease is prevalent in summer. For carp Pasteur’s disease, there is currently no effective treatment. The main prevention method is to strengthen daily management and improve the pond environment.
Staphylococcal disease, caused by Staphylococcus infection, diseased fish showed: swimming is not normal, the appearance of visible hemorrhagic ulcers, abdominal and intestinal blood-like ascites fluid. Popular in summer and autumn. The prevention of the disease is to improve the condition of the pond and remove the dead fish in time. Erythromycin is given at a dose of 25 mg per kilogram of body weight per day for 4 to 7 consecutive days, which has a certain effect.
There are two kinds of monoculture and polyculture in carp pond culture. Since monoculture can not fully exert the productivity of water, production of fish and polyculture of common carp, grasshopper and grass carp is generally adopted.
1. Pond conditions
There is no special requirement for the size and shape of the fish pond. The bottom of the pond should have a certain slope, and the bottom quality should be a sandy bottom. The water depth should be maintained at 1.5 to 2.0 meters. Pond water is best with neutral water quality.
2. Fish species stocking
The density of fingerling stocking should be based on the mix of polyculture objects, the pond's fatness is adapted to local conditions, and the intensive culture of the main stocking is the stocking of squid. There are 5,000 to 15,000 squids with 7 to 8 centimetres in size for each hectare, and about 1,000 for the family fish. ; Or about 150 grams of large-size squid species of 4000 to 6000, mixed amount of home fish (the number of stocking depending on the number of pond food organisms may be); mainly freshwater fish, mixed fish ponds, generally mixed Rearing fish fry 1000 to 2000 tails. In Dongguan and Bao'an, Guangdong, high-density stocking is commonly used, and then sparsely removed by the method of raising large numbers and keeping small. The stocking density is 30,000 to 40,000 per hectare.
3. Feeding management
(1) Fertilization: Generally, 200 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 225 kg of sulfate fertilizer are applied per hectare every two weeks. In addition, appropriate amount of organic fertilizer such as manure, livestock manure, etc. should be applied each time. Under fertilizer and water conditions, and when the stocking density is reasonable, after 150 to 200 days of growth, the squid can grow to 500 to 700 grams.
(2) Feeding: The feeds usually fed are peanut cakes, rice bran, wheat bran, and distiller's grains. Among them, rice bran and wheat bran are more commonly used. Although the nutritional content of peanut cake is relatively high, the cost is relatively high. It is useful for fishermen. The number of feedings is once per day, and it is released in the morning. The amount of feeding is generally 1% to 2% of the total weight of the fish.
(3) Anti-pan flooding: As the pond cultured catfish are now cultivated in high-density ponds, the occurrence of anoxic flotation occurs frequently in daily management, especially during the hot and humid seasons. During the aquaculture process, ponds should be patrolled frequently, especially when the air pressure is low in the morning. When the floating head is found, it is necessary to inject new water in time or turn on aerator to increase oxygen.
4. Fishing
Because most of the current pond culture in Guangdong area adopts high-density farming methods. The harvesting and harvesting methods are all based on the method of raising the size of the land. Therefore, the catch of the pond cultured carp is a year-round production. There are two main methods for catching salmon in ponds: net fishing and trawling. The net catch is small, but it is easy to operate and suitable for small-scale production. Trawl fishing catches are large, suitable for large-scale commercial fish market needs, but the workload is large, generally need to concentrate more manpower for production, due to the existence of a variety of specifications for pond farming salmon, when fishing, regardless of the use of Casting nets or trawls, fishnet mesh to choose the right, over the General Assembly of the individual smaller, not the product specifications of juvenile fish damage.
5. Fresh-keeping technology
Because of their irritable character, the squid is prone to death after catching water, and it is difficult to transport live fish. Generally, it is only possible to maintain the body color of squid when it is fresh. In order to maintain the bright color of squid, fresh water treatment is very important. The method currently used is mainly the chilling preservation method. In the preparation, the ice is preliminarily used to make the ice pieces well. When fishing, firstly put the appropriate amount of well water or tap water in the container of the fish (usually a fish bucket). Add about 5% salt and mix well, then add ice cubes and catch the fish. Finally, add ice cubes on the bucket, and cover with sacks or other insulation materials, so that the temperature can be kept low at about 4 ~ 6 hours. Although fish that has been treated in this way cannot survive, they can maintain their body color when fresh and have the umami taste of fresh fish. They do not have a muddy smell and increase their value.
Disease prevention and treatment
Among the many seawater and freshwater fishes currently bred, carp is one of the fish with few diseases. However, due to the increase in the intensity of cultivation and the increase in density in recent years, the method of adopting large-scale fishing and small-scale catches has been adopted. The fish body is damaged to varying degrees, and farmed salmon often suffer from diseases and cause death. They include bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, parasitic protozoal diseases, parasitic helminthiasis, and diseases caused by crustaceans.
Bacterial diseases
Pasteuric bacterial disease caused by Pasteur bacterial infection. The mucus of infected fish was increased, and purulent substances were found in the abdomen. A large number of bacteria were seen from the blood of infected squid. The bacteria had bipolar flagella, which were thick and polymorphic rods with blunt ends. The disease is prevalent in summer. For carp Pasteur’s disease, there is currently no effective treatment. The main prevention method is to strengthen daily management and improve the pond environment.
Staphylococcal disease, caused by Staphylococcus infection, diseased fish showed: swimming is not normal, the appearance of visible hemorrhagic ulcers, abdominal and intestinal blood-like ascites fluid. Popular in summer and autumn. The prevention of the disease is to improve the condition of the pond and remove the dead fish in time. Erythromycin is given at a dose of 25 mg per kilogram of body weight per day for 4 to 7 consecutive days, which has a certain effect.
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