Diagnosis of Porcine Reproductive Disorders and Respiratory Syndrome

With the ongoing spread of blue ear disease across different regions and the deepening research by experts, local veterinary stations in our city are now equipped to use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosing pigs suspected of having the disease. This has allowed us to quickly and accurately identify cases and effectively manage outbreaks in our area and neighboring regions. The following is a detailed report on the clinical diagnosis of blue ear disease in a pig farm. **First, the outbreak** On December 30, 2008, a large number of pigs from Jianchang were brought to our department. The farmer reported that he had over 50 Duroc sows, more than 40 gilts, and 7 boars (including 4 external ones), along with over 200 finishing pigs, totaling more than 300 animals. A month earlier, after moving the pigs to a new facility, some sows began showing abnormal behavior—lack of appetite, which was initially thought to be due to stress. However, there was no improvement despite injections, and some sows exhibited circling and premature births. While the litter size remained normal, two days later, the piglets started to lie down and refused to nurse. By the end of the week, entire litters died, and several others produced stillborn, weak, or mummified fetuses. Only 200 piglets were born in November, December, and another December, all of which died within a few days. The mortality rate reached 100%. **Second, clinical symptoms** The pigs showed signs of loss of appetite, depression, lethargy, and constipation. Pregnant sows experienced premature births, miscarriages, weak piglets, stillbirths, and mummified fetuses. Neonatal pig mortality was as high as 100%. Some boars had blisters on their heads, appearing black and purple. **Third, post-mortem examination** Four piglets aged 2–15 days and two stillborn fetuses were examined. No specific changes were observed in the eyes of the stillborn fetuses. Some mummified fetuses were brown, with pale yellow fluid in the abdomen. Others had subcutaneous edema and pericardial effusion. Dead piglets showed eyelid and subcutaneous edema, lymph node enlargement, pericardial effusion, jaundiced liver, bleeding in the gastric and intestinal mucosa, lung congestion, and edema with increased lung texture. **Fourth, diagnosis** Based on the incidence, clinical signs, and post-mortem findings, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was suspected. Blood samples were collected from 34 sows, and serum was separated. Using Beijing Wanger Biotechnology Co., Ltd.'s PRRS diagnostic kit, 32 out of 34 samples tested positive via ELISA, giving a 94% positive rate. The brucellosis test and swine fever antibody test were negative. Bacterial cultures of heart, liver, and spleen showed no growth. These results confirmed the diagnosis of PRRS. **Fifth, control measures** 1. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PRRS. To control the disease, infected pigs should be isolated immediately, and healthy groups should be separated. Closed breeding practices should be implemented, including isolating the farrowing area and weaning piglets early. Finishing pigs should be managed in an all-in, all-out system, and facilities must be thoroughly disinfected after slaughter. 2. Sick pigs diagnosed through serology should be isolated and fed high-energy diets with adequate electrolytes. Aspirin can be given before farrowing to prevent secondary infections, and antibiotics may be used alongside traditional Chinese medicine for miscarriage management. Proper feeding and care help pigs recover faster. 3. Environmental hygiene is crucial. Disinfectants such as 2% caustic soda or double-chain quaternary iodine compounds should be alternated for regular disinfection. White ash should be applied to aisles and wall roots 2–3 times weekly. **Sixth, summary and experience** 1. The farm had not been vaccinated against PRRS. Serological testing using the Beijing Wanger PRRS ELISA kit detected PRRS antibodies in 32 of 34 samples, confirming infection in the herd. 2. Prompt diagnosis and timely implementation of preventive measures helped control the outbreak effectively. 3. When purchasing pigs, they should be quarantined and tested for PRRS antibodies before being introduced into the herd. 4. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or drugs in China for PRRS. However, symptomatic treatments using antibiotics, antivirals, and traditional Chinese medicine can have some effect. 5. Practical experience shows that recovered sows can continue breeding, and gilts can be immunized through short-term contact with infected pigs. With the continued spread of blue ear disease and ongoing research, local veterinary stations are now better equipped to diagnose and manage this serious condition, ensuring the health of swine populations and minimizing economic losses.

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