Reproductive technology is a crucial component in the management of dairy cows. Improving the reproductive performance of dairy cattle involves several key strategies, which are outlined below:
1. **Nutrition and Reproduction**
Proper nutrition plays a vital role in maintaining reproductive health. Both underfeeding and overfeeding can lead to reproductive issues. During the pre- and post-partum periods, deficiencies in protein and energy can delay uterine involution and increase the risk of secondary uterine infections, which may impair ovarian function. A lack of vitamins A and E, as well as essential trace elements, can result in prolonged estrus, irregular heat cycles, failure to ovulate, poor embryo implantation, and early embryonic loss. Additionally, insufficient crude fiber can contribute to metabolic disorders and complications during calving. It’s important to follow the "Baby Feeding Criteria" and adjust nutrient intake based on the specific needs of each cow at different life stages.
2. **Enhancing Perinatal Management (3 Weeks Before and 2 Weeks After Calving)**
The perinatal period, spanning from 21 days before calving to 15 days after, is critical for the cow's productivity and overall herd health. During this time, cows often appear lethargic, with relaxed vulvas and mucus discharge, making them more susceptible to bacterial infections. Farmers should encourage gentle movement by walking cows twice daily for an hour. Maintaining clean and hygienic conditions in the calving area is essential, and proper sanitation must be ensured during labor. Natural delivery should be prioritized, with strict sterilization of the birthing area and the cow’s hindquarters.
3. **Accurate Estrus Detection**
Timely identification of estrus is essential for increasing breeding success. If heat is missed or improperly assessed, it can lead to low conception rates and reduced farm profitability. Signs of estrus include restlessness, decreased appetite, vocalization, increased milk production, and physical changes such as swollen vulva, mucus discharge, and mounting behavior. Observing estrus at least four times a day for 30 minutes each session is recommended. In winter, checking the genital tract for mucus on the bedding can help determine if a cow is in heat.
4. **Timely Insemination**
Insemination should occur within 3 hours before ovulation for the best chances of conception. Accurate estrus detection and follicle monitoring are necessary. When the follicles are mature, soft, and elastic, insemination can proceed. If one follicle is not fully developed, both uterine horns should be inseminated. During the procedure, care must be taken: if resistance is encountered, stop immediately; ensure equal semen distribution between both horns, even if the depth differs.
5. **Monitoring and Managing Herd Breeding Dynamics**
Regular checks of the ovaries and uterus are essential. A rectal exam should be performed 15–20 days post-calving to assess recovery. Early detection of abnormalities allows for prompt intervention. Monitoring estrus after calving helps evaluate reproductive system recovery. For cows with incomplete uterine recovery, flushing may be beneficial. Detailed records should be kept, including placenta discharge time, lochia quantity, dystocia status, and first estrus date.
6. **Preventing and Treating Reproductive Diseases**
Common reproductive disorders such as ovarian cysts, persistent corpus luteum, endometritis, and ovarian quiescence can significantly impact fertility. Post-calving, uterine cleansing and timely treatment are crucial. Ovarian cysts can be treated with luteinizing hormone injections, dexamethasone, or antibiotics. Persistent corpus luteum may require prostaglandin F2α or estradiol. Ovarian quiescence can be addressed with vitamin E, estradiol, and progesterone injections.
By implementing these practices, farmers can significantly improve the reproductive efficiency and overall productivity of their dairy herds.
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