Turfgrass diseases can be classified based on the type of pathogen involved, into two main categories: non-invasive and invasive diseases. Non-invasive diseases are primarily caused by environmental or cultural factors rather than pathogens. These include issues such as improper selection of grass species, nutrient deficiencies in the soil, imbalanced soil composition, excessive dryness or moisture, and environmental pollution. Unlike infectious diseases, non-invasive diseases are not contagious and do not spread from one plant to another.
In contrast, invasive diseases are caused by living pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. These diseases are highly contagious and require three key elements to develop: a susceptible host plant, a pathogen with strong virulence, and favorable environmental conditions. To manage these diseases effectively, several preventive measures can be taken.
First, eliminating the primary sources of pathogens is essential. Soil, seeds, seedlings, infected plants, and plant debris often serve as breeding grounds for pathogens. Soil disinfection is commonly used, with formalin being a popular choice. For surface treatment, a 1:40 solution (1 part formalin to 40 parts water) is applied at 10–15 liters per square meter, while a 1:50 solution requires 20–25 liters per square meter. Seeds and seedlings should also be disinfected, typically using a 1%–2% formalin solution for 20–60 minutes before rinsing and drying. Removing diseased plant debris promptly helps reduce disease pressure.
Second, agricultural practices play a crucial role in disease prevention. Choosing appropriate grass species, especially those resistant to common diseases, is important. Regular weeding, timely application of fertilizers, and prompt removal of diseased areas help maintain healthy turf. Proper irrigation and nutrient management also contribute to disease resistance.
Third, chemical control methods involve the use of pesticides and fungicides. In early spring, before the onset of active growth, a single application of Bordeaux mixture is often recommended. Subsequent applications every two weeks for 3–4 times can help prevent fungal and bacterial infections. The choice of agent depends on the specific disease, and it's important to follow instructions regarding concentration, timing, and spray volume. Turfgrass leaves tend to absorb sprays better when dry, and the frequency of spraying usually ranges from 7 to 10 days, with 2–5 total applications. After rainfall, additional spraying may be necessary. To avoid the development of resistance, it's advisable to rotate or mix different agents when possible.
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