1. Potassium deficiency is evident in the plant, with young green leaves appearing bluish and older leaves showing soft, necrotic spots on the middle and lower leaves, especially at the tips. The heart leaves remain upright, while red-brown lesions develop, leading to irregular brown spots on the foliage. As the condition progresses, the plants experience premature aging, leaf scorching, scattered rice pods, and stunted growth. Roots become weak, brown, and show signs of early aging. The grains lack luster, are not fully filled, and are more prone to lodging and infections such as flax or spot disease.
2. Rice leaf spot disease, also known as rice leaf blight, affects all rice-growing regions and can occur from the seedling stage to harvest. Infected plants show damage above ground, particularly on the leaves. During the seedling stage, the coleoptile turns brown, buds fail to emerge, and cotyledons wilt. Lesions on the leaves and sheaths during this phase appear elliptical, similar in size to flax seeds, dark brown in color, and sometimes expand into long stripes, leading to dead tissue. In adult plants, initial symptoms include small brown spots that grow into oval-shaped lesions, resembling sesame seeds, with a central brown to gray area, dark borders, and varying yellow halos. The affected leaves dry inward from the tip, turning light brown, and black mold (conidiophores and conidia) forms on the dead tissue. Lesions on the leaf sheaths are oval, dark brown, with brown edges and water-soaked areas that later turn into irregular, large spots with a central taupe color. On the panicle neck and branches, the infection causes dark brown discoloration, leading to dried ears. Infected grains initially show grayish-black spots that gradually spread to fill the entire grain, causing it to shrivel. In later stages, the lesions are small, with unclear edges, and the infected grains become brittle. When humidity is high, a black fungal layer appears, consisting of conidiophores and conidia, which are the reproductive structures of the pathogen.
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