The components contained in Chinese herbal medicine are very complex. There are both active ingredients and ineffective ingredients and toxic ingredients. In order to improve the therapeutic effect of Chinese herbal medicines, it is necessary to maximize the extraction of active ingredients, remove ineffective ingredients and toxic ingredients. Therefore, Chinese herbal medicine extraction is most important for improving the intrinsic quality and clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine preparations. However, the commonly used extraction methods (such as decoction method, reflux method, impregnation method, percolation method, etc.) retain active ingredients and remove ineffective components. There are large loss of active ingredients, long cycle, and many processes. The disadvantage of low extraction rate. In the past 10 years, many new technologies and methods have emerged in the extraction of traditional Chinese medicines. The application of these new technologies and methods has enabled the extraction of Chinese herbal medicine to meet the traditional Chinese medicine theory and achieve the purpose of increasing the yield and purity of the active ingredients. This article reviews this aspect.
1. Supercritical fluid extraction technology Supercritical fluid extraction (abbreviated as SC FEFE) is a new technology that uses supercritical fluid (SCF) instead of conventional organic solvents to extract and separate the active ingredients of Chinese herbs. The principle is to use fluids ( Solvents) The solute in the mixture to be separated in a certain area (supercritical area) near the critical point has an abnormal phase equilibrium behavior and transmission performance, and the solubility of the solute changes with a wide range of pressure and temperature changes. Using this SCF as a solvent, the components to be separated can be extracted from various liquid or solid mixtures. The commonly used SCF is CO. Because of CO. Non-toxic, non-flammable, inexpensive, with lower critical pressure and temperature, easy to safely separate from the mixture. Supercritical CO. Compared with the traditional extraction method, the biggest advantage of the extraction method is that it can be extracted and separated under conditions of near normal temperature, almost all the active ingredients in the product are retained, there is no residual organic solvent, the product has high purity, simple operation, and energy saving.
Liao Zhoukun et al. used different concentrations of ethanol as entrainers to carry out the apple extract of crude saponins and polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Thunb. Compared with the traditional solvent extraction process, the yield was improved to the old one. 9 times and 1.62 times. He Chunmao and Liang Zhongyun use supercritical CO. The extracts obtained from the extract of Artemisia annua have low content of impurities (wax), simple purification and purification of artemisinin, and high yield and product quality. Lei Zhengjie and others use supercritical CO. The fluid extraction technology extracts and separates the active ingredients of magnolia officinalis, and the extract is a pale yellow paste. After analysis, the extract consists of 11 chemical constituents, such as magnolol and magnolol, among others, magnolol and honokiol. The relative content is as high as 46.81% and 45.00%. Ge Fahua and others discussed the best conditions for extraction of pre-soap saponin from Huangshan medicine, and at the same time carried out a pilot scale-up to prove the application of supercritical CO. It is feasible to extract potato presaponin for industrial production. Compared with the traditional gasoline method, the yield is increased by 15 times, the production cycle is greatly shortened, and the danger of inflammable and explosive use of gasoline is avoided. Ge Fahua et al. studied supercritical CO. Extraction process of volatile oil and saponin from Radix Bupleuri, STh-CO. The method of extracting volatile oil of Bupleurum chinense, compared with the traditional steam distillation method, can greatly improve the yield and shorten the extraction time, while the composition of volatile oil is the same, but the content of each component is different. Yuan Yongfang, etc. through the five factors and four levels of orthogonal test method, using supercritical fluid extraction technology to optimize the extraction conditions of volatile oil Chuanxiong, the results of the best extraction conditions for the pressure 34. smPa, temperature 60°C, modifier ethanol 0.3 ml, static apple extracting time 10 min, dynamic extraction amount 10 ml, water absorption. Compared with steam distillation, this method has the advantages of less time and safe extraction.
SCFE technology has unique advantages in extracting and separating volatile components, fat-soluble substances, high-temperature-sensitive substances, and active ingredients of valuable medicinal materials. However, SCFE equipment is a high-voltage equipment, which requires a large one-time investment and high operating costs. Therefore, this technology is currently It is also difficult to popularize in industrial production.
2. Ultrasonic extraction technology The basic principle of ultrasonic extraction technology is to use ultrasonic cavitation to accelerate the leaching and extraction of active ingredients of plants, and secondary effects of ultrasound, such as mechanical vibration, emulsification, and diffusion. Crushing, chemical effects, etc. can also accelerate the diffusion release of the components to be extracted and fully mix with the solvent, which facilitates extraction. Compared with the conventional extraction method, it has the advantages of short extraction time, high yield, and no heating. Guo Xiaowu investigated the effect of ultrasonic extraction time and ultrasonic frequency on the extraction rate of baicalin from Astragalus membranaceus. The results showed that the extraction rate of baicalin was higher than the decocting extraction timing when the ultrasonic frequency above 20 kHz was used for extraction for more than 10 minutes. High, and the baicalin structure extracted by the two methods is the same. Lin Cuiying et al. used ultrasound to extract total Pulsatilla saponin, which greatly simplifies the operating procedure, shortens the extraction time, improves product yield and purity, and improves the common extraction methods that are cumbersome, time-consuming and easily emulsified. Guo Xiaowu and Yang Rui use 95% ethanol as the solvent. , Were extracted from motherwort with different frequencies of ultrasonic waves and different extraction times. Total alkali was extracted from motherwort and compared with reflux extraction method. Ultrasonic extraction method was simple, no heating, only 110kHZ ultrasonic extraction of 40 niin, its extraction rate was higher than that of reflux. The proposed rate of extracting Zh is about 1 times higher. Guo Xiaowu extracted rhubarb anthraquinones from rhubarb using different frequencies of ultrasound. Compared with the conventional extraction method, the results showed that the ultrasound does not require heating, and the same yield is different with the ultrasonic frequency, especially the rhubarb after ultrasonic extraction at a frequency of 20 kHz. The highest percentage of anthraquinones is found. Li Meiqin and Zhang Minhong compared the effect of ultrasound and impregnation on the rate of the content of the detoxification and beauty capsules, and the results were extracted by ultrasound. The rate of Hill 1 is higher and higher than that of impregnation method Zh, and the ultrasonic wave has no effect on the composition of the leachate. Li Yifu and Zhang Meiling used high performance liquid chromatography to compare the dissolution of ferulic acid and paeoniflorin in Siwu Tang by decoction, ultrasound, and semi-bionic extraction. The results showed that ultrasonic extraction was simple and the extraction rate was high. High efficiency, as a means of extraction has a broad application prospects. Ultrasonic extraction technology can avoid high-temperature and high-pressure destruction of the active ingredients, but it has a higher requirement for the thickness of the container wall and the placement of the container, otherwise it will affect the leaching effect of medicinal herbs. At present, the experimental research is still on a very small scale. To be used for large-scale production, it is still necessary to further solve the problem of amplification of the relevant engineering equipment.
3. Microwave Extraction Microwave extraction is a newly developed new technology that uses microwave energy to increase the extraction rate. Its principle is that in the microwave field, the difference in the ability to absorb microwaves causes certain regions of the matrix material or certain components of the extraction system to be selectively heated, thereby allowing the material to be extracted to separate from the matrix or the system and enter humans. Among the extractants with small dielectric constant and relatively poor microwave absorption capacity, microwave extraction has the advantages of simple equipment, wide application range, high extraction efficiency, good reproducibility, time saving, reagent saving, and small pollution. At present, besides mainly used for environmental samples, it is also used for biochemistry. Food, industrial analysis and natural product extraction and other fields. In China, there are few reports on the use of microwave extraction technology for the extraction of Chinese herbal medicines.
Wang Wei et al. extracted the salidroside from the rhizome of Rhodiola sachalinensis using the microwave broken method. This method has the advantages of rapidity, high efficiency, safety, and energy saving. Compared with traditional ethanol reflux extraction, this method is relatively high. At the same time, the extraction rate greatly shortens the extraction time and significantly reduces the amount of miscellaneous eggs in the extract. Fan Zhigang et al studied the effect of microwave technology on the leaching amount of rutin in Flos sophorae. Orthogonal experiments were conducted on the particle size, leaching time and microwave output power of Flos sophorae. The optimal leaching schedule of rutin in Flos sophorae was optimized. The leaching amount of quercetin is obviously better than that of the conventional decoction method. This technology is applied to lixiviation of medicinal materials is a time-saving and convenient, it is worth popularizing and popularizing a new method of Chinese medicine leaching.
Compared with the traditional decoction method, the microwave extraction technology can overcome the disadvantages that the fine powder of the medicinal material is easy to condense and coking, and the extraction time is very short, the equipment is simple, and the investment is less. However, this technology is still used for the extraction of Chinese herbal medicine, and its extraction mechanism needs further study.
4. Enzymes Traditional Chinese medicines contain most of the impurities of starch, pectin, and protein. The impurities can be selectively decomposed and removed with appropriate enzymes. The enzyme reaction decomposes the plant tissue gently, which can greatly increase the yield. Therefore, enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the methods for maximizing the extraction of active ingredients from plants. This is a promising new technology. In China, Shengmaiyin Oral Liquid was successfully prepared by an enzymatic method in Shanghai No. 1 Factory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. At present, cellulase is the most used for the extraction of traditional Chinese medicines. The cell wall of most Chinese herbal medicines is composed of cellulose. The active ingredients of plants are often wrapped in the cell wall; cellulose is derived from p-D-glucose. The 1,4-p-glucose bond is linked and the enzymolysis by the cellulase can destroy the p-D-glucose bond, destroy the plant cell wall, and facilitate the extraction of the active ingredient.
Lu Weiming et al. introduced a new method for extracting and separating baicalein from Astragalus membranaceus-enzymatic hydrolysis method. Compared with direct extraction method, the results showed that the new product obtained in the crude product was 85.77% with a yield of 2.46%. Hou Yong and others first applied industrial cellulase to traditional Chinese medicines and dregs to make cellulase of traditional Chinese medicine and dregs p-glucose, and used dregs as medicine, turning waste into treasure, which is a traditional Chinese medicine industry. Create new sources of revenue and reduce expenditure. Ma Tintian used pretreatment with cellulase to extract small wall alkali before treatment with Phellodendron amurense, can increase the yield of small wall alkali, and compared with the extraction without enzyme, there are significant differences. Thus it is considered whether cellulase is used for the extraction of other natural products. Zhang Caixia et al. applied cellulase to extract the pre-saponin aglycone from Chuanlong, and its process was only one step further than the original process of enzymatic treatment of the original medicinal material, but under the action of cellulase, it improved the collection of pre-sapogenin. Rate, there are significant differences between the two methods. Before the extraction of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata, horse orange cloud was enzymatically digested with cellulase, compared with the original extraction process, the content and extraction amount of andrographolide were improved, and the two extraction processes were obtained by thin layer chromatography. There was no difference in composition, indicating that the addition of the enzyme had no effect on the effective ingredients. Ma Juyun and Zhao Jingyan used Coptidis Rhizoma for the extraction of small-wall alkalis and studied the effects of the addition of enzymes and non-enzymes on the extraction of berberine as the active ingredient. The new process was only one step further to add the human cellulase to it. The process of enzymatic hydrolysis, but the content of the small-wall alkali extracted by the two processes are significantly different, and the extracted components are the same. Therefore, whether the new process is used in the industrialization of Coptis extraction is considered.
The use of cellulase for the extraction of active ingredients from Chinese herbal medicines based on cellulose can indeed increase the yield of active ingredients, but it is necessary to further explore the concentration of enzymes in order to broaden their application fields. How the concentration, temperature, pH, inhibitors, and agonists of the substrate affect the extract. It is true that enzymatic methods are currently used extensively in the extraction of animal medicines.
5. The semi-bionic extraction semi-bionic extraction method (abbreviated as SBE method) is a combination of the overall drug research method and the molecular drug research method. From the perspective of biopharmaceuticals, the principle of oral administration and drug transport through the gastrointestinal tract is simulated. A new extraction process designed for traditional Chinese medicine preparations through digestive tract administration. That is, the drug is first extracted with acid water of a certain pH, followed by alkaline water extraction with a certain pH, and the extract is filtered separately. Concentrate and make the preparation. It integrates analytical thinking with systemic thinking to form a new way of thinking about observation. That is to say, in the extraction of traditional Chinese medicine, it insists on "there is a component theory, not only a component theory, but focuses on the pharmacodynamic response of the organism."
This new extraction method can extract and retain more active ingredients, shorten the production cycle and reduce costs. Studies of various compound preparations suggest that the "SBE method" may replace the "WE method" (ie, water extraction method). Moreover, this extraction method has a broad application prospect in the study of the granulation of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces. Zhang Zhaowang and others used ferulic acid, matrine, total flavescens and dry extract as indicators, and compared the extraction process of Danggui Kushen Pill by SBE method and WE method. The comprehensive evaluation of SBE method by four indicators was better than The WE method, therefore, Angelica Kushen Pills into other oral formulations or SBE extraction method. The SBE method and WE method were used to compare the contents of extracts of Ephedra. b Ephedra total alkaloids. Ephedrine, extract yield was an indicator, the results of the SBE method is significantly better than the WE method. Zhang Zhaowang used Aconitum total alkaloids, ester-type aconitine alkaloids, and extract yield as indicators to compare the two extraction methods of Chuanwu. The results showed that SBE method was superior to WE method, Sun Xiumei, etc. "Research, SBE extraction process is only the water of the PH 7.0 in the WE extraction process, respectively.... 0 water for the first fry PH6.5 of water for the second fry, pH9. 0 of the water for the third fry, according to the law obtained SBE solution, and glycyrrhetinic acid, licorice flavonoids, extract amount as an indicator, will The comparison between the two methods showed that the SBE method was superior to the WE method, and the granulation of the licorice decoction pieces was better with the SBF method. Zhang Xuelan et al. used small wall alkali, total alkaloids, and dry extract as indicators to compare SB method and WE method for Phellodendron. The results showed that SBEI solution was significantly better than WE solution in five kinds of extracts of Phellodendron. Preparation of oral granules, the use of SBE hydrochloric acid adjusted to water for PH first fry, saturated calcium hydroxide solution for the adjustment of three water PH7 0 and PH10 0 for the 2nd, 3rd fried better.
The "semi-bionic extraction method" can reflect the comprehensive role of clinical drug use in TCM, and it is in line with the principle of back-to-back administration and absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. However, this method is still followed by high-temperature decoction. High-temperature boiling for a long time will affect many effective active ingredients and reduce the efficacy. For this reason, it is suggested that the extraction temperature should be changed to the temperature of the human body, and the introduction of enzyme catalysis, so that the drug can be converted into an adult-body comprehensive active mixture, which is more consistent with the theory of dialectical Chinese medicine.
6. Crushing extraction method Yuan Xiao etc. Based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various traditional solvent extraction methods, a new extraction method, a crushing extraction method, was proposed and established. This method is based on the full use of plant materials in suitable solvents. Broken to achieve the purpose of extraction. Based on the principles of fluid mechanics and with reference to foreign advanced technologies, they developed a new type of crusher, which consists of a high-speed motor, a crusher, a container, a base, a main column, and a speed control switch. The speed of the motor is divided into two levels: fast and slow, and only 1-Zmin is required for crushing and extraction. After extraction, the medicinal material is broken into a homogenate. Through the selection of medicinal herbs of various properties, the yields of the extracts obtained by the cold leaching extraction method, the osmotic extraction method, the reflux extraction method, and the crushing extraction method were compared with the thin layer chromatography. The results show that the crushing extraction method is fast, complete, and does not require heating, which can save a lot of time, solvents and energy.
Yuan Zhen and others studied different extracting techniques of Rubescens radix, and determined the content of Rubescensine A as an indicator. The results showed that the content of Rubescensine A extracted by the broken extracting method was higher than other extracted methods. . Hu Runhuai et al. studied the different extraction processes of Lonicera japonica leaves, and determined the chlorogenic acid content of the extracts obtained by different extraction processes using a thin layer scanning method. The crushing extraction method was slightly lower than the reflux extraction in different extraction processes. Method, but the extracted chlorogenic acid content is relatively high, and less impurities, therefore, the extraction process of Lonicera japonica leaf should be preferred crushing extraction method, Yuan Yu, etc. on the plantain using 5 different extraction methods, on the extract The yields were compared, and the content of ursulosacin was measured separately. The results showed that the content of ursulosacin extracted by crushing extraction method was high, and this method had the advantages of fast and complete extraction, no heating, and time saving. advantage.
Although the crushing extraction method is simple in operation and avoids high-temperature heating and the extraction time is very short, the yield of the extract is not the highest, and it is also limited to experimental research. It needs to be further studied in order to be applied to large-scale production. Many studies and reports have shown that these new technologies and new methods have the advantages of high rate of extraction, low loss of active ingredients, and short period in the extraction of traditional Chinese medicines. These advantages show that they have a wide range of application prospects in the production of traditional Chinese medicine preparations. At present, research on these new technologies and new methods for industrial production should be intensified in order to improve the quality of Chinese medicine preparations. Source: China Food Industry Network Information Officer: Ding Shangyong, Bureau of Township Enterprises, Sichuan Province