Fertilizer damage can occur in several different forms, each with its own causes and effects on plants. One common issue is dehydration-type fertilizer injury, which typically happens when too much chemical fertilizer is applied at once or when the soil lacks sufficient moisture. This leads to a high concentration of fertilizer in the soil, causing water to move out of plant cells through osmosis, resulting in dehydration. Affected plants may show symptoms such as wilting, resembling frost damage or being scorched by boiling water. In mild cases, growth is slowed, but in severe situations, the entire plant can die. To prevent this, it's important to apply fertilizers in smaller amounts and to water the soil after application, especially during dry periods.
Another type of fertilizer damage is known as "smoke-type" injury, often caused by the use of ammonia-based fertilizers like ammonium bicarbonate. These materials can release large amounts of ammonia, especially under high temperatures, which can harm plants. Symptoms include yellowing of the lower leaves and stunted growth. In extreme cases, the entire plant may turn red or yellow and eventually die. To avoid this, it's best to avoid applying these types of fertilizers during hot weather.
Seed burning is another common problem that occurs when too much fertilizer is used directly with seeds, particularly when using materials like calcium superphosphate, ammonium bicarbonate, urea, or lime nitrogen. This can lead to poor germination or even complete failure of seedlings. To prevent this, always use fertilizers in moderation and avoid placing them directly in contact with seeds.
Toxic fertilizer damage occurs when certain chemicals, such as lime nitrogen, are applied to the soil and undergo chemical changes before being absorbed by the plant. During this transformation, harmful substances may be released, leading to poisoning and even plant death. To minimize this risk, it's essential to strictly control the amount of fertilizer used and to choose safe, well-balanced products that are suitable for the specific crop and soil conditions.
By understanding these different types of fertilizer damage and taking preventive measures, gardeners and farmers can protect their crops and ensure healthy growth. Always follow recommended application rates and consider environmental factors like temperature and moisture levels when applying fertilizers.
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