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1. **Soil Preparation and Fertilization**
Choose well-drained loam or sandy loam soil for planting. Apply 3000–4000 kg of organic compost as a base fertilizer per mu (approx. 667 m²). Additionally, apply 12.5–15 kg of diammonium phosphate and 5–8 kg of potassium sulfate as a seed fertilizer. These should be incorporated into the soil at the time of sowing or planting to ensure proper nutrient availability for the growing plants.
2. **Sowing Time Selection**
In greenhouse cultivation, start sowing seedlings in mid-February and transplant them in early April. For open-field cultivation, sow seeds in early March and transplant in late April. In autumn, greenhouse planting begins with seedlings in mid-June and transplanting in mid-July. Open-field planting during the autumn season should occur in early June or directly sow seeds in the field.
3. **Seedling Raising Methods**
Prepare raised beds with a width of 1–1.2 meters. Soak the bed thoroughly before sowing. Use 5–7 grams of seeds per square meter. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil about 0.5 cm thick. Once the seedlings have developed two true leaves, they can be transplanted at a spacing of 6.5 × 6.5 cm. Alternatively, you can use direct seeding in the nursery if conditions are suitable.
4. **Nursery Management**
After the seedlings emerge, maintain a temperature of 20–22°C. During normal growth, keep the temperature between 18–20°C. About 7–10 days before transplanting, gradually lower the temperature to 10–12°C to harden off the seedlings. Water management is crucial—avoid overwatering to prevent leggy growth and promote strong, healthy seedlings.
5. **Planting Techniques**
Space the plants 60–65 cm apart in rows, with 28–30 cm between plants within the row. For spring cultivation, cover the ground with mulch film to retain moisture and control weeds. Harvest early in the morning for better quality. Avoid prolonged growth periods that may lead to high temperatures, which can cause flower bulbs to develop poorly and reduce commercial value.
6. **Field Management**
(1) **Water Management**: Water the plants thoroughly after planting, then again after 3–5 days for a slow seedling water. Once the seedlings have established, maintain slightly dry soil, watering only when necessary. As the plant enters the flower bud formation stage, increase watering frequency to support leaf development and bulb expansion. Water every 4–5 days during the swelling period.
(2) **Fertilizer Application**: Apply fertilizers based on the plant’s growth stage. If the plant shows signs of weakness or nutrient deficiency, spray 0.5–1% urea or 0.5–1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution every 7–10 days for two applications to encourage bud development. To enhance leaf ball expansion, use 0.1–0.5% borax or 0.05–0.1% ammonium molybdate solution every 5–7 days for 2–3 times to prevent physiological disorders.
(3) **Greenhouse Temperature Control**: After spring greenhouse cultivation, maintain a night temperature of 10°C and a day temperature of 20°C. Seven to eight days after transplanting, raise the daytime temperature to 20–22°C. When the plant enters the bulb formation stage, lower the temperature to 18–20°C. If the temperature exceeds 25°C, ventilate the greenhouse. When outside temperatures remain above 10°C, it is safe to leave the vents open overnight. Later, remove the plastic sheeting to allow natural growth.
7. **Timely Harvesting**
Harvest the buds before they fully open, cutting them along with the thick stems. Axillary buds on the main stem will produce lateral branches, so leave 2–3 of them to continue growth. The upper part of the plant can form new bud clusters, allowing for 2–3 harvests throughout the growing season.
8. **Pest and Disease Control**
(1) **Pest Control**:
- **Aphids**: Commonly found on young seedlings. Use pyrethroid insecticides like Emamectin Benzoate 2.0% EC diluted at 2000 times or Imidacloprid 25% EC diluted at 1500 times. Spray once, then repeat every 7 days for two applications.
- **Cabbage Worms**: Also known as "Hanging Caterpillars," these pests damage leaves by eating through them. Use insecticides such as Indoxacarb 1.8% EC diluted at 600 times, Chlorpyrifos 24.5% EC diluted at 2000 times, or Trichlorfon 58% EC diluted at 1000 times.
(2) **Disease Control**:
- **Black Spot**: A fungal disease affecting leaves and petioles. Symptoms include brown or grayish spots with black mold. Prevent it by spraying Zineb 70% WP at 400–500 times or Chlorothalonil 75% WP at 500–800 times, repeating every 7–10 days for 2–3 sprays.
- **Downy Mildew**: Appears as yellow-green spots on leaves, with white mold on the underside. It thrives in humid conditions. Control it by improving drainage, increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and using fungicides like Myclobutanil 25% WP at 0.3% seed weight. Early treatment with Chlorothalonil 75% WP at 500–600 times or Cymoxanil + Mancozeb at 600–900 times is recommended.
By following these practices, you can achieve higher yields, better quality, and more efficient crop management.
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