The development of insect breeding is promising

The development of insect breeding is promising


Insects - the largest group of animals, is a valuable resource that humans should make full use of. It is one of the important ways to solve animal protein shortages, is a new way to protect food supply, and is the best choice to improve the environment. Insects are short-lived, reproduce rapidly, have high food conversion rates, and the overall biomass may exceed the total biomass of all animals on land: the insect world contains extremely rich resources and is an important renewable biological resource. “Insects are left for God. The last piece of humanity's cake".

Industrialization of the use of insect resources not only has the characteristics of emerging industries, but also has a long history. Our ancestors have had a 5,000-year history of the use of silkworms, and our bee-keeping history is at least 3,000 years. Our records of Chinese gall can be traced back to the Shanhai Jing of 2000 years ago. The history of the use of worms is more than 1700 years. In addition, the use of insects as food may be accompanied by the entire history of human evolution.

Due to the diversity of functions of insect resources, it can be divided into nine areas according to the application of insects:

I. Pollination and insect industry

Insect pollination has long been known as the "wing of agricultural production." There are many species of insects, including bees, wall bees, and bumblebees. Others include flies, beetles, moths, thrips, and mosquitoes. After the various bees are pollinated by rapeseed, cotton, fruits and vegetables, the yield is generally increased by about 30%; for legumes such as alfalfa, the yield of seeds can increase by 1 to 2 times. It has been reported that the economic benefits of bees for pollinating and increasing production of crops far exceed the total value of bee products (honey, royal jelly, beeswax, bee pollen, etc.) by tens or even hundreds of times. Some countries have classified bee pollination as one of the modern agricultural measures. In the flowering season of the crop, renting bee colonies at certain rents has institutionalized the pollination of crops.

In recent years, China has begun to pay attention to the research and utilization of bees for pollinating crops, and has received significant economic benefits. However, the potential has not yet reached full play and should be vigorously promoted.

Second, the medicinal insect industry

Medicinal insects are those that directly or indirectly utilize all or part of the insects. The most economical value is Cordyceps militaris, which is produced by various species of insects parasitized by Cordyceps sinensis. The most famous is Cordyceps sinensis, which is parasitized by Cordyceps sinensis. Other medicinal insects include earthworms (Bombyx mori), speckled wax cockroach (chicken cockroach), silkworms, stalagmite, mulberry (cockroach egg), cockroach, nine-sweet worm (Coleoptera), and yak (vein). (Hymenoptera, ant larvae) and tussah pupa. In the high-tech industry of medicinal insects, antibacterial peptides are extracted from fly larvae, anti-aging substances are extracted from insect proteins, and biotechnology reagents are produced from insect toxins.

Third, edible insect industry

The edible insect resources have unparalleled production and nutritional advantages of other organisms: insects have a short life cycle and strong fertility, and are suitable for large-scale chemical plant propagation. They have the characteristics of “five sections”: land saving, water saving, energy saving, feed conversion, and festivals. Artificial; Insect protein content is high, as much as 50% to 75%, and some as high as 85%, high amino acid content and a reasonable mix of ingredients, insect fat, mostly soft fat and unsaturated fat, good digestion, trace elements are also more abundant Low sugar content. Therefore, insects will have much room for development in the field of food. Interestingly, although insect foods require sterols to be generic, cholesterol is not absolutely required for some species. In some species, especially herbivorous insects, the function of cholesterol may be achieved by plant sterols. This phenomenon makes insect oils and other terrestrial animal fats with high cholesterol content significantly different, and thus may become low cholesterol content of food or animal oil resources.

A very important significance for the development of insect lipids is that it is conducive to environmental protection. Many insects can use non-food resources and waste as raw materials for breeding. Through some means of artificial breeding, they can eventually obtain clean parasites as cheap and high quality. Oil and protein food resources. For example, fecal insect leech can digest a large amount of livestock and poultry excrements such as pigs and chickens in a short period of time, and it can purify the surrounding environment. Housefly larvae and ants have also been used as raw materials for food and medicine. There are many examples where waste is used as a treasure, and damage is a benefit, so as to obtain great comprehensive benefits.

For the development of insect lipids, there is currently a lack of systematic and in-depth basic research, especially the relative lack of data on functional lipid components and other physiologically active components (including those with strong anti-cancer activity) in existing food insects, and industrialization. The example is also limited to a number of enriched specialty lipids, such as insect paraffin, beeswax, cantharidin, etc., and industrial products as edible functional oils are extremely rare. At present, one of the most outstanding examples of insect oil development is the silkworm cocoon oil extracted from the cocoon silk cocoon, a by-product of cocoon silk, which has been exploited by pressing or leaching (the potential resource in our country is about 10,000 tons/year). It has been used to reduce production in foreign countries. Blood cholesterol drugs, margarine, lubricating oils, cutting oils, washing oils, drying oils, black greases, sebacic acid and surfactant intermediates, etc., have also been used in domestic soap making, Taikoo oil and Plasticizer. And domestic real artificial feed or stocking success to achieve scale production of insects are only a few earthworms, bees, spotted turtles, worms, gall and gram of gram. These are huge obstacles to the large-scale production of edible insect oils. More importantly, the comprehensive utilization of insect lipids is a systematic project requiring entomology, oil and vegetable protein engineering, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, medicine, and pharmaceutical science. Such as multi-disciplinary efforts and collaboration. The author firmly believes that in the near future, with the constant expansion of basic research and the innovation of engineering application technologies, the development of insect active ingredient products and insect edible oils and oils will break through these bottlenecks and bring huge benefits to the human environment and life.

The industrialization of feeding insect resources is a field with broad prospects. At present, the contamination of meat and bone meal and the decline of fishmeal production provide an opportunity for the industrialization of feed insects.

1. In the larvae, cockroaches and adults of Tenebrio molitor, the protein content was 51%, 57% and 61%, respectively. It is not only excellent fine feed for feeding livestock and poultry, but also for keeping maggots, snakes, cockroaches, cockroaches, etc.

And other feed products. The method of artificially growing Tenebrio is simple and every household can cultivate.

2, fly maggot flour with rice bran, wheat bran, pig manure, broken bones and red (white) sugar as raw materials, to breed fly locust fast. The fly maggots can be used directly to feed chickens, ducks and geese; they can be processed into fly maggots for feeding pigs and aquatic products. The fly maggot powder contains about 68% protein, which is superior to alfalfa meal. Adding 12% to 20% of livestock and poultry feed can improve the palatability of livestock and poultry and facilitate eating.

3, cocoon powder silkworm silkworm silkworms remaining after silkworm, after deodorization, drying, degreasing, then drying and crushing, it is silkworm cocoon powder. Its protein content is as high as more than 70%, exceeding the quality of imported fishmeal. It is excellent for feeding livestock, bullfrogs, forest frogs, shrimps and crabs.

4. The dry protein content is 60% to 70%, which has a good attracting effect on fish.

5, rice bran powder will be made into dry powder aphid, its protein content is 64%, low fat content, amino acid content per 100 grams up to 16 grams, is a substitute for fish meal quality insect feed.

6, other insects such as fish and poultry eat moths, turtle shell A, etc., protein content is high. In summer and autumn, if a black light or 100 watt light bulb is installed at the fish pond or in the woods, 2 meters from the ground, a bowl is placed under the lamp, and a few drops of cooking oil are added to the water. A large number of insects such as moths and chafers can be captured and used directly to feed fish, chickens, ducks, and geese.

V. Ornamental and Technological Insect Resource Industry

The most striking are the colorful butterflies and some golden beetles. As ornamentals, butterflies trade around the world for about 100 million U.S. dollars each year. Taiwan Province of China earns nearly 20 million U.S. dollars every year. A precious golden spotted butterfly can cost 20,000 U.S. dollars. A double-tailed butterfly is worth 60,000 yuan. It is also very expensive to produce pictures with tens of millions of butterfly wings. Also known as 蟋蟀 (蛐蛐 蛐蛐 蝈蝈) and 蝈蝈 鸣 鸣 自 自 since ancient times for entertainment. In 1983, Papua New Guinea carried out research on the butterfly raising industry, established insect farms and related trade organizations, and encouraged the support of villagers to raise butterflies. It also adopted measures to protect the butterfly habitat and promote the increase of butterfly populations.

In addition, the construction of insect museums and insect gardens has begun to form in China.

VI. Material Insect Resource Industry

It mainly refers to the development and utilization of lac insects, white wax insects, and gall worms, and can be used as industrial materials.

Laciferlacca belongs to the order Homoptera, Glandidae. Its host plants are mainly several kinds of Dalbergia, large leaves

Pull out, pigeonpeas, etc. The female's shellac secretes collagen, including shellac resin, shellac wax and shellac pigment. Its main component is shellac resin, which is processed into industrial shellac, with insulation, moisture-proof, anti-repair and anti-corrosion. Adhesive strength and other characteristics are important materials for national defense, machinery industry, electrical appliance industry, and light industry. They can also be used as medicines and as wrappings for tablets and pills. Shellac wax can be used as a hard natural wax. The hull color can be used as a coloring agent for foods and beverages. Lactobacillus is distributed in Asia, India's annual output ranks first in the world, followed by Thailand, China ranks third. China's distribution area is mainly Yunnan. After introduction and reproduction, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Guizhou have become new distribution areas.

The white worm (Ericerus pela) is a member of the Homoptera family, Cerambycidae. The host plants are Oleaceae plants such as ash tree and privet. Male larvae of white wax insects secrete a large amount of white wax during their growth and are processed into insect ash. Pesticide is a kind of natural polymer compound. It is used for many purposes such as airtight, moisture-proof, rust-proof, lubricated, and light. It is an important material for military, electrician, textile, papermaking and light industry. In medicine, there are muscles and sores, hemostasis and other functions. China is the major producer of insect paraffin and its output accounts for 95% of the world's total. In addition, insect paraffin in Sichuan Province accounts for more than 90% of the country's total output. It exports every year, and its supply exceeds supply.

Gallnut is the general name of a dozen times of the order of Homoptera. These times are parasitic on the reverse side of the leaves of the lacquer tree family such as Rhynchophylla japonicum, Red Bran, etc., and form galls. The mature worms that are picked are the gall products. It contains a lot of tannins, and is a commonly used raw material for tanning, dyes, metal antisepsis, rare metal extraction, food processing and medicine. Gallnut is a special product of our country, and its output ranks first in the world. The provinces of Guizhou and Sichuan have the highest output, and they are the traditional materials exported by China.

VII. Natural enemy insect industry

It refers to a variety of parasitoids such as insect pests, parasitic natural enemies such as parasitic flies, predatory natural enemies such as various ladybugs, gras, crickets, and bees, as well as the development of various leaf nails that control weeds. Although it is not easy to accurately calculate the direct economic benefits, they are widely distributed in farmland, forests, and grasslands, and have important control over the occurrence of pests. They are the pillars of ecological balance in various ecosystems. According to its role and wide distribution, it should be listed as the first industrialization of insect resources. Many countries have now industrialized the breeding of natural enemies, and will introduce effective natural enemies from abroad as an important comprehensive measure for biological control. There have been hundreds of examples that have achieved remarkable results. Artificial breeding of natural enemies has become a new industry in the world. Germany, France, Japan, the United States, Mexico and other countries have engaged in the development and utilization of insects.

Insect secretions or their metabolites resources industry

Such resources include insect poisons, spotted toxins, insect feces, insect teas, and the like.

1, insect poisoning and poisonous species

Insecticides can be divided into stimulants, corrosives, and inhibitors according to their effects on organisms; neurotoxic agents, circulating agents, and excreting agents, etc., depending on the symptoms of poisoning; acids, bases, alkenes, alkanes, ketones, aldehydes, and oximes are often present in chemical compositions. , hydrazine, amines, etc. According to the rice source, they can be divided into two categories: Primitive Venoms and Secondary Venoms. The former is formed by worms for attack and defense, and generally has special storage organs; the latter is mainly obtained from food, and generally has no specialized reservoir.

There are many kinds of poisonous insects and they are widely distributed. There are also the same types of native and secondary poisonous insects. In a broad sense, the poisonous insects have at least 21 orders and more than 100 subjects, but only 4 orders are particularly harmful to humans and animals.

2. The prospect of insect poison research and industrialization development

1 Insect poison is one of the treasures of drugs: ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, insect poisons are all the attention of the world, cantharidin, red lady, bee, bee venom is the traditional Chinese medicine, South America North

In the Middle Ages, the Indians used a candid internal solution as a sexual stimulant and in Europe, there were also folk use. The record of bee venom treatment, with the rapid development of science and technology, many mysteries have been opened, and the application of insect poisons has become increasingly widespread. For example, in ancient times, many types of external medicines have been found in recent years. Cantharidin has obvious inhibitory effects on transplanted tumors in various experimental animals. Clinically, it has a certain curative effect on primary liver cancer, showing improvement of subjective symptoms and prolonged survival time. The case shows a shrinkage of the mass, which also has a certain effect on breast cancer, esophageal cancer, and lung cancer. Currently, not only cantharidin has been artificially synthesized, but also sodium cantharidinate, (Sodium cannamidate), N-methylcantharidimide, and N-hydroxycanthayridimide have been synthesized. In particular, the latter is only toxic to cantharidin 5 One percent.

The same is true for bee venom. It is reported that bee poisons have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, inhibit edema, lower blood pressure, relieve spasm, anti-arrhythmia, radiation protection, analgesia, and anticoagulation, and can be used clinically for the treatment of various diseases. Which has a good effect on rheumatoid arthritis, chronic recurrent urticaria, angioneurotic edema, simple asthma in children, migraine and so on. The vasculitis has analgesic, antispasmodic, and anticoagulant effects, and the domestic bee venom preparation has a good point injection effect. Here are two examples that show the potential of insect poisons.

2 Insect poisons are good materials for organic chemistry, biochemistry and insect taxonomy: Habermehl commented on animal toxins once pointed out that detailed research on the biosynthesis of these compounds has a bright future in the development history. , but also adds a new topic to the current classification of biological systems. "As in the size of the formicidae, the differences in the quality and quantity of the produced material can now be fully used to study the phylogenetics of the formicidae (Wilson, 1971). The steroids emitted by the Tenebriiidae are also chemical taxonomy. One of the best practices (TschinRel, 1975).

3 The study of entomology is of great significance: due to many historical reasons, insect poisoning has not attracted enough attention. There are few mentions in entomological works at home and abroad. In fact, it is related to the ecology, biology, and taxonomy of insects. , physiology, anatomy are inseparable.

In summary, insect poisons have a wide range of uses for toxicology, physiology, pharmacology, and clinical medicine; they play an important role in chemical biochemistry, insect chemical classification, evolution theory, ecology, and entomology; in addition to military and forensic medicine, The development of the tourism industry is also closely linked, as Fogleman (1972) stated that toxicology is an “outstanding business”. We believe that in the near future, the young subject of "insect poisoning" will certainly develop rapidly.

9. Insect commensal resources industry

As a living unit, the insect body also has a close relationship with other related organisms. In addition, insect resources also provide people with cultural and entertainment resources, even in the field of forensic medicine. Forensic insects play a role in legal affairs, especially investigation and detection of criminal cases. In China's Song dynasty, "Song of the punishment of punishment set records" (1235) Volume 2 of 5 "under the miscellaneous" Under the use of insects to determine the murderer's records. In the past 20 years, forensic use has become more widespread in the United States, Britain, France, Canada, and the former Soviet Union. At present, crime rates and the use of high technology in crime are increasing worldwide. How to fight crime more effectively is a universal problem. Using the characteristics of insects to identify offenders is a useful tool in the detection of criminal cases. .

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