Why are the stems and leaves of corn red and purple

Corn exhibits various symptoms of nutrient deficiencies or diseases, each with distinct visual characteristics and causes. First, the young leaves turn purple. This condition typically appears after corn emergence. Initially, the leaves are green but fail to elongate, and the stems remain small. The leaves and stems take on a dark green or purplish hue. Starting from the tip of older leaves, the color changes to a deep purple along the leaf margins, then turns yellow and withers. This progression gradually moves toward the younger leaves. The disease is common in early spring, especially when no phosphate fertilizer is applied or in low-lying areas. It affects varieties like Nongda 108, Denghai 9, and Denghai 11 more frequently. The primary cause is either a phosphorus deficiency or poor root absorption of phosphorus. Second, the stems turn purple. This usually occurs during the middle to late growth stages. New leaves begin to show chlorosis, with yellowing between the veins. The leaf margins become reddish or purplish, while the base of the stem develops a purple color. However, the older leaves remain brown. In some cases, plant growth becomes stunted, making them weak and small. This condition is primarily due to sulfur deficiency, often found in soils with low organic matter, long-term rapeseed cultivation, or sandy soils. Third, purple spots appear on the middle leaves. This is common in corn after the silking stage. The first signs are small round spots at the base of the leaf blade, which spread to the leaf sheath. The lesions start as yellow or purple-brown spots and later develop into dense, small purple spots about 1 mm in diameter. These spots may have transverse bands and eventually turn reddish-brown. This disease is caused by corn brown spot, a fungal infection that affects leaf health. Fourth, the leaves turn red. This symptom is often linked to corn dwarfing. It can be observed in both seedling and adult stages. The leaves initially show a yellow-green color, but as the plants approach maturity, they turn yellow and brown before progressing to red or purple. Most affected plants fail to produce ears and die prematurely. Even if they do form ears, the grains are small and poorly filled. This condition is mainly caused by corn dwarf mosaic virus, a viral disease that affects plant development. Fifth, the tips of the leaves turn purple. This usually occurs after the corn has jointed. The lower leaves show chlorosis between the veins, often accompanied by small green spots resembling beads. The front leaves appear purple, and their tips become dry. This condition is primarily due to magnesium deficiency, which affects the plant's ability to perform photosynthesis efficiently. Sixth, the old leaves turn red. This is a natural process where nutrients are redirected from older leaves to support the growth of new ones. As the older leaves age, they lose their green color and turn red or brown. While this is a normal part of plant development, it can also indicate stress or nutrient imbalance if it occurs too early or excessively. Understanding these symptoms helps farmers identify potential nutrient deficiencies or diseases early, allowing for timely intervention and better crop management.

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