Why are the stems and leaves of corn red and purple

Corn exhibits various symptoms of nutrient deficiency, each with distinct characteristics and causes. First, young leaves turn purple. This typically appears after corn emergence when the initial leaves are green but fail to elongate. The stems remain small, and both stems and leaves appear dark green. Starting from the tip of older leaves, a purpling occurs along the leaf edges, gradually turning yellow and dying before moving toward the younger leaves. This condition is common in early spring, especially in fields where phosphate fertilizer is not applied or in low-lying areas. It's more frequently observed in varieties like Nongda 108, Denghai 9, and Denghai 11, primarily due to phosphorus deficiency or poor root absorption of phosphorus. Second, stem purpling often occurs during the mid to late growth stages. New leaves begin to show chlorosis, with the area between veins becoming more severe. The leaf margins turn reddish-purple, while the base of the stem also shows purple discoloration. However, the older leaves remain brown. In some cases, plant growth is stunted, making them weak and small. This is usually caused by sulfur deficiency, which can result from low organic matter content, long-term rapeseed cultivation, or sandy soils. Third, purple spots on middle leaves are common in corn after the silking stage. The disease starts with small round spots at the base of the leaf blade, which then spread to the leaf sheath. The lesions initially appear yellow, then turn purple or purple-brown, forming small, dense spots about 1 mm in diameter. These spots may develop transverse bands and eventually become reddish-brown. This condition is caused by corn brown spot, a fungal disease that affects leaf health. Fourth, leaves turn red, often linked to corn dwarfing. Symptoms are visible throughout the plant’s life cycle, starting with yellow-green leaves. As the plant matures, the leaves turn yellow and brown, eventually shifting to red or purple. Most affected plants fail to produce ears and die prematurely. Even if they do produce grain, the kernels are small and poorly filled. This is commonly caused by corn dwarf mosaic virus, which disrupts normal plant development. Fifth, leaf tips turn purple after the jointing stage. The lower leaves show chlorosis between the veins, often accompanied by small green spots resembling beads. The front leaves take on a purple color, and their tips become dry. This condition is mainly due to magnesium deficiency, which affects the plant's ability to maintain proper chlorophyll levels. Lastly, old leaves turn red as they age. This is a natural process where nutrients are redirected from older leaves to support new growth. While this is a normal part of plant development, it can sometimes indicate underlying stress or nutrient imbalances if it occurs too early or excessively. Proper soil management and balanced fertilization are essential to prevent these issues and ensure healthy corn growth.

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