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Houseflies are completely metamorphic insects, meaning they undergo a complete transformation during their life cycle. Their life history is divided into four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
**Egg Stage**: The eggs of houseflies are milky white and banana-shaped, typically measuring around 1 to 1.5 centimeters in length. They require specific environmental conditions for development. The minimum temperature for egg development is between 8°C and 10°C, and high humidity (above 90%) is essential. If the humidity drops below 90%, the mortality rate increases significantly. The egg stage is shortest at temperatures above 35°C, where hatching can occur within 6 to 8 hours. However, if the temperature falls below 8°C, the eggs will not develop and eventually die.
**Larval Stage**: Housefly larvae go through three instars, each with different developmental needs. The minimum temperature required for larval development is 7°C to 8°C, while the maximum is up to 43°C. At optimal temperatures of 30°C to 35°C, the larval stage lasts about 3 to 3.5 days. The first instar requires very high humidity (over 97%), while the third instar becomes inactive and stops feeding as it prepares to pupate.
**Pupal Stage**: During this stage, mature larvae burrow into loose soil or vegetation and form a pupal case. The pupae are initially pale white but gradually turn reddish-brown and then dark brown. The duration of the pupal stage depends on temperature and humidity. At 35°C to 40°C with 90% relative humidity, the pupal stage can last just 3 to 5 days. However, if the humidity drops below 75%, some pupae may dry out and die. Temperatures above 45°C are lethal, while temperatures below 12°C halt development entirely.
**Adult Stage**: Adult houseflies have large compound eyes, consisting of approximately 4,000 individual lenses, which provide excellent visual sensitivity. Their sense of smell is located on their antennae, and their taste receptors are mainly found on their feet, helping them detect food when crawling.
**Adult Behavior**: After emerging from the pupal case, flies use their head sacs to expand and contract, allowing them to emerge. Within about 1.5 hours, their wings become functional, and they can begin flying. At around 27°C, they start feeding and moving within 2 to 24 hours after emergence.
**Mating and Reproduction**: Male houseflies reach sexual maturity around 18 to 24 hours after emerging, while females take about 30 hours to become sexually mature. Most female houseflies mate only once, but the sperm stored in their reproductive tract can remain viable for up to three weeks, enabling multiple batches of fertilized eggs. Female houseflies can lay 100 eggs per batch, with 4 to 6 batches over their lifetime, producing up to 600 eggs total.
**Feeding Habits**: Flies have complex feeding behaviors. They prefer sweet substances, while other species like blowflies are attracted to decaying matter. When a fly lands on food, it uses its feet and mouthparts to detect the taste before feeding. Flies feed frequently, often every few minutes. They carry large amounts of bacteria on their bodies and in their digestive systems, making them effective disease vectors.
**Activity and Habitat**: Flies are diurnal, being most active during the day and resting at night. Indoor species like Musca domestica are common in homes, while others like green flies and fruit flies are more prevalent outdoors. Their activity is influenced by temperature—low temperatures reduce movement, while high temperatures increase activity. Flies tend to seek shade at 30°C and move indoors during rain or strong winds.
**Flight and Dispersal**: Houseflies can fly at speeds of 6 to 8 km/h and usually stay within 1 to 2 kilometers of their breeding sites. They often feed within 100 to 200 meters of vegetation. Wind, odor, and human activities such as transportation help spread flies to new areas.
**Lifespan**: The lifespan of a housefly varies depending on temperature, humidity, and food availability. Females generally live longer than males, with an average lifespan of 30 to 60 days. In colder conditions, females can live up to six months.
**Breeding Preferences**: Different fly species prefer different environments. Common houseflies breed in organic waste, manure, and decaying food. Blowflies are attracted to animal carcasses, while fruit flies are drawn to fermenting fruits. Urban environments, with their diverse waste, support a wide variety of fly species.
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