Flies are completely metamorphic insects, going through four distinct life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
**Egg Stage**: Housefly eggs are milky white and banana-shaped, typically measuring about 1-1.5 mm in length. They require a minimum temperature of 8°C to 10°C for development, along with high humidity—above 90%. If the humidity drops below this level, the mortality rate increases significantly. The egg stage is shortest at 35°C, taking only 6-8 hours to hatch. However, if the temperature falls below 8°C, the eggs will not develop and eventually die.
**Larval Stage**: Fly larvae go through three instars. The first instar is very small, while the third instar becomes larger and more mature. The larval stage is influenced by temperature, nutrition, and humidity. The optimal temperature range for development is between 7°C and 43°C, with the fastest growth occurring at 30°C–35°C, where the larval period lasts about 3–3.5 days. The first instar requires high humidity (over 97%), while the third instar stops feeding and becomes inactive as it prepares to pupate.
**Pupal Stage**: After the third instar matures, the larvae burrow into soil or vegetation to form a pupal case. During this stage, the pupa changes color from white to reddish-brown and then to dark brown. The pupal stage duration depends on temperature and humidity. At 35°C–40°C with 90% humidity, the pupal stage can last as little as 3–5 days. However, if the humidity drops below 75%, some pupae may desiccate. If the temperature exceeds 45°C, most pupae die, and below 12°C, development halts.
**Adult Stage**: Adult houseflies have large compound eyes, each containing around 4,000 ommatidia, giving them excellent vision. Their sense of smell is located on their antennae, while taste receptors are found on their feet, helping them locate food when they walk. After emerging from the pupal case, it takes about 1.5 hours for the wings to dry and become functional. At around 27°C, flies begin feeding and moving within 2–24 hours of emergence.
**Adult Behavior**:
1. **Mating and Reproduction**: Males typically reach sexual maturity 18–24 hours after emerging, while females become sexually mature around 30 hours post-emergence. Most female houseflies mate only once, but stored sperm can fertilize eggs for up to three weeks. A single female can lay multiple batches of eggs throughout her life, with each batch containing around 100 eggs. She may produce 4–6 batches, spaced 3–4 days apart, resulting in 400–600 eggs over her lifetime.
2. **Feeding Habits**: Flies have diverse feeding behaviors. They use their feet and mouthparts to detect food by tasting it before consuming. They feed frequently, often every few minutes. Flies carry large amounts of bacteria on their bodies and in their digestive systems, which can be transmitted to humans through contact, excretion, or regurgitation.
3. **Activity and Habitat**: Flies are diurnal and exhibit phototaxis, being most active during the day. While houseflies are commonly found indoors, other species like city flies, golden flies, and green flies are mainly outdoor dwellers.
4. **Flight and Spread**: Houseflies can fly at speeds of 6–8 km/h and typically stay within 1–2 km of their breeding site. They often feed within 100–200 meters of vegetation. Wind, odor, and transportation methods like vehicles and ships can help them spread widely.
5. **Lifespan**: The lifespan of a fly depends on environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and food availability. Female flies generally live longer than males, with an average of 30–60 days, and sometimes up to six months in winter.
**Breeding Habitats**: Different fly species prefer different breeding environments. Houseflies breed in waste, human and animal feces, and organic residues. Golden-headed flies favor animal manure, while blowflies are attracted to dead animals, carcasses, and salted fish. Urban garbage, with its complex composition, supports a wide variety of fly species.
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