Every hen lays a medium-sized egg and excretes about 2-2.2 grams of calcium along with the shell. Since only 50%-60% of the calcium in the feed is absorbed, each egg requires approximately 4-4.4 grams of calcium. However, providing too much calcium isn't always beneficial. Excess calcium can reduce feed palatability and lower intake, while insufficient calcium may lead to poor eggshell quality and reduced egg production. The key is to provide timely and balanced calcium supplementation to laying hens.
First, it's important to start calcium supplementation two weeks before hens begin laying. Studies show that the optimal calcium level in their diet is around 3%-3.5%. During peak egg production, when the laying rate exceeds 85%, this can be increased to 3.6%-4%. This ensures adequate calcium for eggshell formation without depleting the hen’s bone reserves. In addition to feed, free-choice access to shell powder, eggshell meal, or bone meal should be provided in the coop or feeding area.
Second, daily calcium supplementation after noon is essential. Hens don’t need calcium immediately after laying eggs; they require it at night when the shell is formed. Since hens can only retain about half the calcium they consume, especially if it's in a powdered form, the best time to feed calcium is between 12:00 and 18:00. This allows most of the calcium to enter the bloodstream just in time for nighttime shell formation, reducing the need to draw from bone stores and maintaining overall calcium balance.
Third, because laying hens require large amounts of calcium—up to 3.5%-4% of their diet—it's best to provide it separately. A common method is to mix one-third of the calcium feed with two-thirds of the regular feed and offer them separately, ensuring hens can choose what they need.
Fourth, the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the diet must be carefully managed. Phosphorus affects calcium absorption, so a balanced ratio of 4:1 is ideal. Adding bone meal or calcium phosphate helps maintain this balance, supporting efficient calcium utilization and strong bone development.
Fifth, vitamin C plays a key role in calcium metabolism by stimulating thyroid activity and increasing blood calcium levels. This improves eggshell quality and hardness. It’s recommended to add 50 mg/kg of feed with vitamin C.
Sixth, vitamin D3 is crucial for calcium absorption and bone health. While hens usually get enough in summer, cage-raised birds may need extra, especially in winter. Providing 500 IU/kg of feed or supplementing with cod liver oil ensures proper calcium utilization and enhances eggshell quality and laying performance.
Lastly, stress significantly impacts calcium absorption and egg production. Stress can prolong egg formation, leading to weaker shells and lighter colors. To minimize this, maintain proper stocking density, stable temperatures, and a calm environment. This not only improves eggshell quality but also boosts productivity and overall flock efficiency.
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