How to raise dairy cows in the winter

To ensure optimal health and productivity of dairy cows during winter, several key management practices should be implemented. Dairy cows can maintain their body temperature in low temperatures, but they generate more internal heat, which increases their feed consumption. Studies show that when the temperature drops to 5°C (the ideal range for cows is 8°C to 16°C), feed intake increases by about 7%. If the temperature continues to fall to -10°C, this increase rises to 22%. Therefore, as winter approaches, it's important to gradually increase the amount of concentrate feed provided. The feed should be more palatable, diverse, well-balanced, and nutrient-rich. Additionally, a sufficient quantity of high-quality hay, along with some juicy feeds like molasses, carrots, or sweet potatoes, should be included. If silage is available, it can serve as the main feed, starting from small amounts and increasing up to around 15 kg per day. Increasing the number of feeding times throughout the day can also help boost overall feed intake, which is a proven method to enhance milk production. Proper cold protection and warmth maintenance are essential. Although dairy cows have good cold resistance, it’s still important to manage their environment carefully. The barn temperature should be kept above 6°C for adult cows and 5°C for pregnant cows. In cold weather, adding padding or straw to the cow beds—especially under the udders—can prevent discomfort, reduce the risk of mastitis, and support milk production. Insulating the barn effectively is crucial to prevent drafts and keep the cows comfortable. Increased movement and light exposure are also beneficial. During winter, barns tend to be colder and damper, which can lead to health issues such as joint pain or lameness if cows remain indoors for too long. It's recommended to allow cows to go outside daily at noon for 2–3 hours of sunlight exposure. This helps improve metabolism, strengthen their ability to withstand cold, and promote overall well-being. Research from the U.S. has shown that providing up to 16 hours of light per day during the first 60 days of lactation—without changing feed—can increase milk yield by 10%, compensating for the shorter daylight hours in winter. Providing warm water is another critical factor. According to Swedish livestock experts, the temperature of drinking water significantly affects milk production. Cows that drink water at 10°C produce about 24.5 kg of milk per day, while those drinking 24°C water produce 24.6 kg. However, cows that drink 17°C water achieve the highest yield, at 24.8 kg per day. Thus, offering warm water around 17°C can optimize milk output. In addition, the use of a bionic agent can enhance digestion and nutrient absorption. Winter often leads to a lack of green and juicy feed, which can negatively affect microbial activity in the rumen, reducing fermentation efficiency and nutrient utilization. A product developed by Eastman Chemical Company—a series of calcium salts of fatty acids—helps improve digestion, supports healthy gut function, and boosts milk production without causing any harm to the cows. Finally, protecting the fetus in pregnant cows is vital during winter. Poor feeding practices, such as feeding spoiled or frozen feed, chronic malnutrition, or sudden movements, can all lead to abortion. To prevent this, two main strategies should be followed: First, ensuring that pregnant cows receive adequate nutrition, especially protein, minerals, and vitamins. Second, implementing proper management practices. Pregnant cows should have regular, gentle exercise and must not be subjected to stress, fear, or physical harm. They should not be whipped or crowded, as these actions can endanger both the cow and the calf.

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