The preparation of piglet feed must first consider the digestive physiology of the piglet itself. The growth of the piglet is rapid, the metabolism of the piglets is strong, and the nutrient utilization ability is strong. However, the development of the digestive system is not yet complete, the digestive organs are undeveloped, the volume is small, the function is not perfect, and the digestive enzymes are secreted. Insufficient amount, low digestibility of feed, certain allergic reactions to antigens in feed, insufficient secretion of gastric acid, lack of acidic environment in digestive tract, low killing capacity against pathogens, predominance of digestive tract-producing microbiota, easy piglets Diarrhea occurs, so the preparation of piglets requires high technology, raw material selection must also meet the digestive physiology of piglets.
1 Energy needs and raw material selection
Piglets diets should maintain a high energy concentration and low crude fiber, generally: digestive energy 14.7 ~ 15.5MJ/Kg, crude fiber does not exceed 4%, to achieve such high energy and low crude fiber levels must be to piglets Add vegetable oil to the feed, or use a higher proportion of whole fat extruded soybeans in the formula. The piglets within 7 days of age can use glucose and lactose as their energy sources. The piglets from 7 to 10 days of age can use fructose and sucrose, and the piglets from 2 to 3 weeks of age can have pancreatic amylase and gut in the digestive tract. Disaccharides are not sufficient and starch can not be used as a source of energy. However, weaned piglets can be based on plant-based feeds and are properly supplemented with lactose and other ingredients.
High protein whey powder contains more than 12% of crude protein, 60% to 70% of lactose, and its main function is lactose, which is a commonly used energy source for preparing early weaned piglets. Due to the limitation of cost and processing technology, 10% whey powder causes ring die blockage, generally 3% to 8%, and powder may add 15% to 20%. In the weaned pig diet, the addition of high protein whey powder can significantly improve the performance of the first 2 weeks of weaned piglet at 3 to 4 weeks of age.
Lactose has good palatability, is easily digested and absorbed (98%), and can produce lactic acid through fermentation, maintain the intestinal health of piglets, help digestion and prevent diarrhea, and is a good source of energy for piglets. Lactose has a better fluidity than whey powder, so from the viewpoint of granulation performance, lactose is a superior raw material for sucker granules in comparison with whey powder.
Lipid activity of early-weaned piglets decreased, and the ability to utilize oils was limited. Now studies have shown that the shorter the fat chains, the higher the absorption and utilization rate. The highest fat utilization rate for piglets is coconut oil, followed by corn oil and soybean oil. Lard and butter are the worst. The addition of a certain amount of fat facilitates the granulation of the feed during processing, and the addition of 5% to 6% of fat can provide lubrication during granulation. The use of feed emulsifiers in recent years has greatly improved the utilization of grease.
Corn is a commonly used main energy raw material. It uses full grain, no moldy spots, and good luster yellow corn. It is puffed before processing. Water should not exceed 14%, crude protein should not be less than 8.5%, and crude fat should be 3.5%. With plant researchers cultivating high-protein, high-lysine corn and high-phytase corn, the application of corn will have more nutritional value.
2 Protein Level and Raw Material Selection
According to the "ideal protein" theory, the protein requirement of piglets is essentially the amount of amino acids required. Studies have shown that piglets are not sensitive to low protein diets, and the key is to ensure the balance of various essential amino acids in the diet. Therefore, by adding some amino acids that are lacking in the diet, the amino acids can be balanced in the case of low dietary protein levels (usually 18%), and good feeding results can still be achieved. The first, second, third, and fourth limiting amino acids in the diet of piglets were lysine, threonine, methionine, and tryptophan, respectively. Low-protein diets have the advantages of reducing the incidence of diarrhea and diarrhoea in piglets, reducing nitrogen emissions from pig farms, and reducing feed costs.
Piglets are rich sources of protein feed, such as fish meal, plasma protein powder, soy protein, puffed soybean meal, etc. In addition, high protein from whey powder contains 11% to 12% of the protein, is also a good source of protein. Soybean contains a variety of anti-nutritional factors and antigenic components that cause immunopathological reactions, leading to indigestion and diarrhea in piglets. The amount of use in the diet of piglets should be limited. Full-fat extruded soybeans can be used, and it is easy to cooperate with high-energy high Protein diet. In addition to the use of high-quality raw materials, the first phase of the diet can be properly added to puffed soybean meal to enable the piglets to adapt to soybean protein antigens very early before weaning.
Skim milk skimmed milk powder is also an important protein raw material for early weaned piglets. It not only provides high quality protein (34% or more). It is also the source of lactose (more than 50%) in early weaned piglets.
The active ingredient of plasma protein powder (SDPP) is immunoglobulin, with 70% to 78% of crude protein and 6% to 7.6% of lysine. Immunoglobulin can increase the survival rate of weaned piglets, reduce the number of diarrhea and increase body weight. The content of methionine and isoleucine in pig plasma protein powder is relatively low, pay attention to the levels of these two amino acids.
The high-quality imported fishmeal not only has high crude protein content, rich amino acid content and a balanced composition, but also contains unknown growth factors, and is an extremely effective animal protein source in piglet feed.
The intestinal membrane protein is extracted and concentrated from the intestinal mucosa. Because it contains the highest digestive enzymes, 65% of crude protein, and 12% of crude fat, it can significantly promote the early maturation and improvement of the digestive system of young animals, and can improve Digestion and absorption of feed, reduce stress, is a high-quality animal sexual function protein.
Extruded soybean meal or extruded soybean plant protein feed usually contains a variety of anti-nutritional factors, such as soybean protein antigens - glycinin and agglomerin is the cause of piglets intestinal damage, leading to post-weaning diarrhea after weaning. Limit the amount of soybean meal, not more than 20% is appropriate. Through the processing of soybean meal to partially reduce the antigen content in the protein, such as 60% to 70% hot ethanol leaching soybean meal or soybeans, or through the expansion of soybean meal processing, or adopt extrusion technology.
The fermented enzymatic hydrolysis of fermented soybean pods is effective in reducing the anti-nutritional factors in soybean protein, especially the production of a large number of small-molecule polypeptides by fermentation enzymatic hydrolysis is conducive to the digestion and absorption of dietary proteins, showing a good effect of reducing the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets. Piglet weaning stress can lead to intestinal damage, digestive dysfunction, low digestive enzyme activity, resulting in the protein can not be well digested and absorbed, followed by the occurrence of spoilage in the large intestine, resulting in ammonia and amine substances toxic to the intestinal mucosa Diarrhea worsened. The small peptides, especially the 2 to 3 peptides, can be completely and effectively absorbed by piglets, reducing the production of ammonia and toxic amines in the rear part of the large intestine. At the same time, it can maintain the normal function of the digestive tract and reduce the rate of diarrhea. Small peptides can also enhance the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, increase the synthesis of bacterial proteins, and increase resistance to disease. In addition, certain active small peptides (such as Exorphines) can promote the development of small intestine in young animals, stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes, and improve the body's immune and absorption capacity. Studies have shown that small peptides can stimulate energy efficiency and induce the activity of intestinal chorionic brush border enzymes, and promote animal nutritional recovery. In addition, the content of lactic acid in fermented soybean meal is 3%, and the probiotic content is 1 107 CFU/g. It can be considered that the decrease in the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets is the result of the combined effect of the unique quality and various beneficial bioactive substances formed by the fermented soybean meal after a special process. .
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