The first hour after birth is critical for the calf's survival and long-term health. If the calf is not breathing or has difficulty breathing, it’s essential to clear its airway first. By positioning the calf with its head lower than the rest of its body, mucus can be drained from the nose and mouth. If this doesn’t work, gentle artificial respiration—such as using a straw to stimulate the nostrils or applying cold water to the head—can help initiate breathing.
Once the calf is breathing, the umbilical cord should be treated immediately. After the cord has stopped bleeding, it should be cleaned and disinfected with 7% iodine or another suitable antiseptic. The umbilical area must be monitored for infection over the next few days; signs like redness, swelling, or tenderness could indicate sepsis, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
It’s also important to dry the calf with clean straw or a sack to prevent hypothermia. All newborn calves should be marked permanently for identification, using methods such as ear tags, tattoos, or photographs. Birth data, including weight, time, and any complications, should be recorded and kept for future reference.
Colostrum is vital for the calf’s immunity and growth. It contains antibodies, nutrients, and other bioactive substances that protect against diseases. The colostrum should be of high quality, fed within the first few hours of birth, and given in appropriate amounts—typically 5% of the calf’s body weight per feeding. The first feeding should occur within 1–2 hours after birth, followed by additional feedings every 6–9 hours for the first 5–7 days. Before feeding, colostrum should be warmed to body temperature (39°C) and the feeding equipment should be thoroughly cleaned.
After birth, the calf should be separated from the mother and placed in a clean, dry environment. This reduces disease risk and allows for better monitoring of the calf’s health and feeding habits. Fermented colostrum can be stored by adding 1% propionic acid to inhibit bacterial growth, and a small amount of baking soda can be added during feeding to improve taste.
During the first week, maintaining cleanliness in the calf’s living area is crucial. Feeding equipment should be regularly cleaned, and the housing should be emptied, cleaned, and disinfected every 3–4 weeks. Calves should be closely observed for signs of illness, such as loss of appetite or weakness, which are early indicators of poor health.
Chamfering (castration) may be necessary, but it should be done carefully to avoid causing unnecessary stress or injury. Milk or milk replacers can be introduced starting around day 7, while the calf gradually begins to consume dry feeds like high-quality hay. This helps support rumen development and ensures the calf gets the nutrition it needs for healthy growth.
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