Scientific Name: Phaius tankervilliae (Ait.) Bl. Mus.
Family & Genus: Orchidaceae
Morphological Characteristics:
Phaius tankervilliae is a perennial evergreen herb that can grow up to 70–80 cm in height. It has short, thick, fleshy pseudobulbs that are densely segmented and green. The leaves are alternate, ovate-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, measuring 30–90 cm in length and 6–12 cm in width. They are pointed at the tip, papery in texture, with a dark green upper surface and a pale green lower surface. The inflorescence emerges from the base of the annual pseudobulb, reaching 60–110 cm in length and bearing 10–30 flowers. The flowers are large, with a lip that forms a trumpet-like shape, typically purple-red. The petals have a brown inner surface and a white outer surface. Each bloom lasts approximately 10–20 days.
Flowering Period: February to April.
Fruit Period: May to June.
Distribution: This species is native to tropical rainforests across Asia and Oceania, particularly found in regions like China, Japan, Australia, and Madagascar.
Growth Habits: It thrives in warm, humid, semi-shaded environments. It prefers well-drained, fertile, acidic soil rich in organic matter. It should be protected from direct sunlight and drought. While it has moderate cold tolerance, its ideal growth temperature ranges between 18°C and 25°C.
Value and Uses: The crane-top orchid is known for its lush foliage, upright sepals, and strikingly beautiful flowers with vibrant colors. In warmer climates, it can be planted under tree canopies, along trellises, near rocks, or by streams. In colder regions, it is often grown in pots for indoor decoration.
This large ground orchid is widely distributed and is not only found in China but also in the wilds of Japan, Australia, the Philippines, and even parts of Africa. There are around 50 species within the genus, most of which are diurnal. Some species can grow over 1 meter tall, with leaves as long as 50 cm. Heliconia species, though similar in name, differ slightly in their growth habits and flower structures.
The genus Phaius was first described in 1790. The name "Phaius" likely refers to the deep color of the flowers, and early botanists would have been surprised by how vividly these orchids bloom. The history of cultivating this orchid dates back over 200 years. Since the first introduction of the crane orchid from China in 1778, European horticulturists have continuously bred and cultivated various varieties.
After more than two centuries of selective breeding, today’s market offers a wide range of Phaius tankervilliae cultivars. With its long blooming period and pleasant fragrance, it has become a popular potted plant worldwide, cherished by both gardeners and collectors alike.
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