Organic hazelnuts are rich in nutrition, good in taste, and the market is in short supply. In foreign countries, artificial cultivation of organic hazel has a long history. Europe's Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Italy, Spain, and the United States are well-established. Its artificial cultivation has achieved intensive management, with high yield, large size, and thin skin. In our country organic hazel cultivation technology is not yet complete, the production volume is relatively low, and the size is small. Here we introduce the cultivation techniques of organic hazelnuts.
Environmental requirements
Temperature: Hybrid organic hazelnuts are suitable for the growth of temperate and warm temperate regions, suitable for an average annual temperature of 7-13°C, and extreme minimum temperatures of more than 30°C can safely overwinter.
Ozzie Hi warm and humid climate, suitable for the average annual temperature of 13-16 °C, extreme minimum gas above -10 °C, the minimum daily average temperature of -2.7 °C above the area can safely winter.
Moisture and Humidity: No matter what kind of hazel tree is like to moist weather and soil conditions. Dry climate and soil are not conducive to the growth of hazel. Dormant hybrid organic hazelnuts require more than 60% relative humidity, and Euonymus requires over 67% for safe wintering. Therefore, it is better to grow and grow Ouyang planted in the sea, lakes, rivers and other places with large water surface.
Illumination: Hazel trees are hi light plants, and lack of light is not good for growth and seed setting. Generally, it requires 2100 hours of sunshine hours per year.
Soil: Fertile hazel, moist sandy loam soil, especially soils with high humus content are more suitable for hazel growth. Deep soil, fertile soil and good drainage are essential conditions for high yields. Viscous weight, water accumulation of soil should not be planted hazel. Hybrid hazel requires a pH of 6.5-7.5 in the soil and 5.5-7.0 in Europe.
Topography: Hazel trees do not have very strict terrain requirements, and lower elevations are good for hazel growth and seed setting. In northern China, cultivation with an altitude of 750 m or less is appropriate. Canopy can be cultivated at the altitude of 1000m below the southern region. Well-drained flat land, suitable for planting hazel trees on gentle slopes in hills and hills, steep slopes are not conducive to the management of Hazel Garden.
Nursery technology
Hazel tree propagation methods include seeding seedlings, ramets, root seedlings, seedlings, and grafted seedlings. In general, two methods, ramets and roots, are mainly used.
Seed propagation: Hazel seeds need to be treated at the end of time for germination. The sand seed temperature is 0-5 °C, the processing time is 60-90 days, when 25% of the seeds germinate, you can sow.
Seedlings of ramets and root pods: When the seedlings that grow from rooted stems grow to about 50 cm, the rhizomes that connect the mother trees are cut off to promote the formation of new root systems and become independent plants.
The seedlings of the ramets should be 20cm long and have a certain number of fibrous roots in order to ensure the survival of the plants and to facilitate the growth of the filberts. There are two methods for breeding by means of root larvae: first, digging the roots around the existing plants and obtaining the seedlings. Second, cut the mother plants of the preliminary breeding before the spring, and strengthen the management of fertilizers and waters, timely sparsely cut, dig the seedlings in autumn, To be timely implanted.
Crimping seedlings: This law applies to Euonymus. Roots sprouting near the rhizosphere can be used for seedlings because of the inability to propagate the plants. When the sprout grows to more than 50cm, the branches are bent and the moist soil is pressed in the middle part. After the roots of the soil are pressed and rooted, the roots are cut off again to form new independent plants.
Grafting: This method is suitable for Euonymus. In general, the universal tongue-jointing method, splicing method, and abdominal connection method of fruit trees can be used.
Cultivation Techniques
Cultivation density and methods: Whether it is hybrid organic hazelnuts or eucalyptus, the cultivation methods can be adopted rectangular, square and triangular cultivation methods. Cultivation of hybrid organic hazelnuts with a spacing of 2.5-3.5m, a 3m to 5m thin layer of mountainous land can be used for 3m × 3m, 2.5m × 3m, 1110 or 1320 per hectare. A good soil orchard can use 3m × 4m or 3m × 5m, 825 or 660 per hectare. Planting O. mirifica can use 3m × 5m or 4m × 5m, 600 or 495 per hectare, or 3m × 4m, 825 per hectare.
Land selection and planting: A thick layer of gentle slopes and a well-drained flatland can be cultivated. The deep and fertile soil is conducive to early high yields. The planting hole is 80-100cm, and the depth is 70-80cm. Before the planting, sufficient organic fertilizer should be applied and 30kg of soil manure should be applied to each hole. Planting should choose strong seedlings. Each hazelnut plant should be planted with more than 3 varieties in order to pollinate each other. Planted in the spring.
Hazelnut Soil Fertilizer Management
The management of Hazel Garden is to strengthen the mixed planting and artificial pollination of different types of hazelnuts to prevent early flowering. The second is to strengthen water and fertilizer management in the medium term. Third, in the later period, pest and disease control should be strengthened.
The hazel forests in most parts of the country are in a semi-wild state, with extensive management, no fertilization, no irrigation, low yield, and severe results every other year. In the current situation of wild cultivation, if green manure is applied, collecting defoliation and turf manure in situ will have a certain effect on organic hazelnut yield increase.
During fertilization, soil manure and other organic fertilizers are applied in autumn, and quick-acting fertilizers or green manure can be applied in summer. The fertilization method can be applied in the form of a ring groove or a strip along the contour line around the cluster. The soil should be kept moist. When it is dry, it must be filled with water promptly. In summer, it should be drained in time, and there should be no accumulation of water in the garden.
Shaping and trimming
Sapling shaping: The sapling period is mainly shaping. In general, after the second year of colonization, we will carry out the ploughing and leave 2 robust branches. Flat rake method: Using a guillotine knife from the ground 3-5cm, was horseshoe-shaped cut, gargle smooth. The third year will be dry, dry high 40-70cm, cross the main branch of the two diagonally upward, the first two years to stay two to three main branches, layer spacing 60-70cm, and stay on the first layer of the main branch Two to three lateral branches formed in the fifth year. At the same time as plastic surgery, it is necessary to promptly remove the germination branch, thin and weak branches, dry and dry branches and roots on the trunk.
Old tree renewal: After the aging of hazel tree, the yield is obviously decreased, the size is obvious, the sprouting pods are numerous and small, the branches are thin, and the renewal and replacement of the pods must be carried out in time. Updates are cut off from the base of the trunk to promote the emergence of new strains, leaving two robust new strains selected and cultivated into new canopies by 3-5 years. The replacement of the plant is to dig the old tree and plant another new plant. In order to maintain a certain amount of production, the planting should be carried out several times, one plant per plant or one plant per row.
Wild hazel forest renewal update
In order to restore and increase the yield of wild hazel forest, it is necessary to carry out restoration and scientific management, and after the restoration, it can generally increase production by more than 80%.
The method of recovering: in the early spring and early July, the non-commercial tree species such as birch, alfalfa, and lacustrine trees in the wild hazel forest were cleared. Hazel trees with the coverage of more than 80% were lined with flat lines along the same line at the beginning of April.茬 Bandwidth 1m Retained bandwidth 1m, 1.5m or 2m After the hazel forest is leveled, use the rake to remove all the old rakes in the flat rake, and plunge the rake 30cm deep. After forming the horizontal sewers, the soil is cultured on the retention belt above it. Or stay in place and use organic fertilizer on the reservation belt in mid-April.
In the above-mentioned work, the over dense forest trees, disease-damaged strains, mechanically damaged strains, poorly growing thin and weak branches, and useless sprouting branches within the filbert forest were removed. The optimum density of 3-year-old hazel trees for fertilization in horizontal ditch site preparation and horizontal ditch is 140,000 per hectare, and the optimal density for strip preparation is 30,000 per hectare.
Pest Control
The main insect pests of organic hazelnuts include two kinds of real insects and leaf curlers. In addition, mature nuts are susceptible to rodent damage. The real elephant worm mainly harms the organic hazelnut fruit, which can make the nut damage rate up to 50%. Control methods: Before and after flowering, withered leaves were removed and burned. The major larvae of leaf roller insects harm mixed shoots and shoots. Rat poison can be eradicated with rodents before the nuts mature.
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