The first gene int-1 of the Wnt family was discovered in 1984 and proved to be a homologous gene of the wingless gene of Drosophila melanogaster. The proper noun "Wnt-1" is derived from the combination of int-1 and wingless (wingless gene). It was subsequently demonstrated that the Wnt family gene has the characteristics of a signaling pathway (ie, the wnt pathway well known to the scholar).
The secreted glycoproteins of the Wnt family play an important role in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in multiple species and organs, and are involved in the most basic developmental processes leading to cell proliferation, cell polarity, and cell fate determination. Wnt pathway mutations are often closely related to human birth defects, cancer and other diseases.
The Wnt-1 protein is a secreted glycoprotein consisting of 343 amino acids, most of which act through the cell surface Frizzled family receptor and are essential for normal embryo development. Activation of Wnt-1 causes a complex cascade of signal responses that ultimately leads to up-regulation of multiple gene expression. Wnt-1 is involved in a variety of cellular processes in the human body and affects the normal functioning of certain systems.
β-Catenin-mediated classical signaling pathway
When the sFRP protein inhibits Wnt or Dkk protein binding to LRP5/6, the Wnt pathway is suppressed. Axin, APC, CK1, GSK3β and β-catenin assemble into a degradation complex. The β-catenin protein is co-phosphorylated by CK1 and GSK3β, recognized by βBTrCP and ubiquitinated, and finally degraded by the proteasome. Transcription of the Wnt response gene is inhibited when HDAC and GRG bind to TCF.
When the Wnt1 protein binds to the Frizzled receptor, the Wnt1 pathway is activated. Axin1 and Dvl are recruited to the cell membrane to disintegrate the accumulation of cytosolic β-catenin. The non-phosphorylated β-catenin is translocated to the nucleus, in place of the GRG protein binding to TCF and activation of transcription.
Apoptosis
The Wnt1 pathway is closely related to the damage control of apoptotic cells. Deletion of Wnt1 leads to apoptosis, whereas expression of Wnt1 in a variety of cells can promote cell survival and inhibit apoptosis.
cancer
The Wnt1/β-catenin pathway plays a role in the evolution of cancer. Abnormal activation of Wnt-1 was detected in prostate cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer and colon cancer. In addition, Wnt1 is abnormally highly expressed in the invasive margin of human prostate cancer tissues, and this phenomenon is also present in tumors that metastasize to lymph nodes and bones. Abnormal activation of the Wnt signaling pathway was detected in a variety of tumors. For example, high expression of Wnt1 is associated with advanced tumor metastasis in patients. Wnt1-positive tumors showed high proliferative activity, and patients with Wnt1-positive tumors also had relatively low survival rates. In addition, inhibition of the Wnt1 signaling pathway can block the migration and infiltration of cancer cells, suggesting that the Wnt1 signaling pathway may be a target for cancer therapy.
Cardiovascular diseases
The cardiovascular system is affected by many aspects of Wnt1, such as the formation of functional gap junctions involved in normal heart development. Deletion of the Wnt signaling pathway was identified in a family of autosomal dominant early coronary artery disease, and a link between low levels of Wnt1 and high levels of Dkk-1 in serum and early myocardial infarction was also found. Studies have shown that Wnt1 plays a significant role in the repair of heart injury. In the first few days of the onset of myocardial infarction, Wnt1 promotes the protection of the heart from epicardial and cardiac fibroblasts as a cardiac "injury response" gene. Wnt1 is also involved in the formation of the vascular system. Endothelial cells express multiple types of Fzd receptors and Wnt1, and Wnt3a and Wnt5a regulate endothelial cell proliferation and migration, which are important processes in angiogenesis. In vitro studies have shown that Wnt1 promotes angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis, so it may have an effect on epicardial-mediated angiogenesis. An in-depth study of the role of the Wnt1 signaling pathway in the cardiovascular system facilitates the diagnosis of early coronary artery disease and the rehabilitation of myocardial infarction.
Central Nervous System
Wnt1 plays a crucial role in the development of the central nervous system. Wnt-1 locus allele mutational studies indicate that Wnt-1 mediated cell signaling pathway plays a significant role in the development of multiple regions of the embryonic central nervous system. Wnt1 is required for neural crest induction and development of the midbrain dopamine system. Through the classical signaling pathway, Wnt1 maintains the pluripotency of human neural stem cells and promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural precursors. A variety of neurological diseases are manifested as abnormalities in the Wnt1 pathway. It is speculated that in the adult hippocampus, the Wnt1 pathway is involved in the generation and evolution of schizophrenia. In vitro studies, erythropoietin EPO-induced up-regulation of Wnt-1 attenuates the toxic effects of Aβ on microglia. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease are also associated with Wnt pathway abnormalities, and silencing of Wnt-1 protein expression causes Wnt-1-related neuroprotection and loss of inflammatory cell regulatory function.
Immunology
In the process of the immune system, Wnt signaling pathway is involved in the self-renewal of hematopoietic cells, the maturation of dendritic cells, the activation and migration of peripheral T cells, and the development of leukemia. Wnt1 and Wnt4 are essential for early thymogenesis, which maintains double-yin cells in the thymus and functions as a growth factor for thymic double-negative cells (pre-T or pro-T cells). Deletion of Wnt1 or Wnt4 results in a decrease in the number of fetal thymocytes, while thymic defects are more severe in mice lacking Wnt4. Wnt1 can affect the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages by promoting the expression of CD36. miR-21 microRNA is able to inhibit Wnt1 expression at the translational level. Blocking miR-21 with a miR-21 inhibitor or exogenously added Wnt-1 inhibits the differentiation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDCC), suggesting that Wnt-1 is involved in MDCC differentiation. . Given the important role of Wnt1 in the immune system and hematopoiesis, both the activators and inhibitors of the Wnt1 pathway may be used to treat pathological abnormalities in blood and immune cells.
Osteogenesis imperfect (OI)
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a common skeletal development disorder characterized by low bone density, decreased bone mass, and easy fracture. In a genome-wide association study of patients with osteoporosis, multiple gene loci were identified, including Wnt ligand sites. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heritable connective tissue lesion characterized by fragile bone tissue and usually short stature. Recently, a mutation in the Wnt-1 gene on chromosome 12 was detected in a partial hereditary family of osteogenesis imperfecta. These studies suggest that Wnt1 is an important Wnt ligand in the regulation of human bone mass, which may be an important biomarker for bone health, and may also be osteogenesis imperfecta and osteoporosis. Treatment target.
Product Dimesnion: 5.7" x 3.7" /14.5cmx9.5cm
Mask Fabric Material: 3-ply material,100% polypropelyne
Ear Loop Material: 70% polyamide, 30% elastane
when to use: suitable for kids to use daily in a variety of settings such as home, outdoors and school
packaging: 10 pcs of mask in one sealed printed plastic bag to ensure hygiene or 50ps per box
certification/standard: GB/T 38880-2020(China children disposable mask standard) and FDA registered
about the manufacturer: Kapanou is china-based healthcare company
kids disposable masks,child size face mask,fda approved kids face mask,Disposable Mask For kids
Ningbo Debeida Science&Technology Co.,ltd. , https://www.dbdmask.com