Wheat herbicides come in various types, each with distinct physicochemical properties, modes of action, and mechanisms. As a result, the phytotoxic symptoms they cause can vary significantly. Some symptoms appear on the plant's surface, others on the ground, and some affect underground parts such as roots or stems.
First, let’s look at the phytotoxic symptoms caused by different herbicides. For example, 2,4-D herbicides—such as 2,4-D butyl ester or 2,4-D sodium chloride—are commonly used in wheat fields. However, when applied in excess or under low temperatures, they can lead to chlorosis in the leaves, with new leaves appearing curled like onions and ears deformed. The plants become difficult to pull out, and the spikes may develop abnormally.
Another herbicide, "Oat Fear" (likely referring to a grass-selective herbicide), can be harmful if wheat is sown before its proper application window. It is absorbed through the coleoptile, causing the sheath to expand and leading to growth cessation. After emergence, the leaves turn dark green and wilt.
Herbicides like glyphosate, prometryn, and simazine are root-absorbed. When over-applied or unevenly sprayed, they inhibit photosynthesis, causing "green chlorosis." The seedlings may show yellowing, spotting, and stunted growth, eventually leading to nutrient deficiency and plant death.
The herbicide "Baicao Enemy" (possibly a Chinese name for a specific herbicide) can cause leaf rolling and compact growth if applied improperly, especially during the third-leaf stage. After regreening, the leaves may turn dark green, the stems become rigid, and the ears may twist or deform. If applied during the reproductive stages, it can disrupt floret development, leading to reduced yield and poor grain formation.
Second, there are several remedial measures to address herbicide damage. Immediate irrigation is crucial. Drain any toxic water from the field and replace it with fresh water. Adding lime can help neutralize acidic herbicides. Washing the affected plants with water can also reduce pesticide residue and minimize further damage.
Field management should be intensified in affected areas. For instance, after improper use of 2,4-D, increasing tiller fertilizer can encourage more tillering, helping to compensate for lost spikes. Using organic fertilizers can adsorb some herbicides, reducing their activity while providing essential nutrients for recovery.
Applying plant growth regulators, such as gibberellin, can stimulate wheat growth and aid in recovery. Spraying 2 grams of gibberellin per mu in 50 kg of water can promote healthy growth and reduce injury symptoms. These steps, combined with careful monitoring and timely intervention, can help mitigate the effects of herbicide toxicity and restore crop health.
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