Wheat herbicides come in various types, each with unique physicochemical properties, modes of action, and mechanisms. As a result, the phytotoxic symptoms they cause can vary significantly. Some effects are visible on the plant itself, while others appear on the surface, underground, or even on the roots.
First, let's look at some common phytotoxic symptoms caused by different herbicides. For example, 2,4-D herbicides—such as 2,4-D butyl ester or 2,4-D sodium chloride—can cause yellowing of wheat seedling leaves when applied in excess or under low temperatures. New leaves may become curled like onions, making them difficult to pull out, and the ears might be twisted or malformed. Another example is "Oat Fear" (probably referring to a herbicide like clethodim), which, if applied before sowing, can be absorbed by the wheat’s coleoptile, leading to swelling of the sheath, delayed growth, and dark green, withered leaves after emergence.
Herbicides like atrazine, simazine, and prometryn are root-absorbed. If overused or sprayed unevenly, they can cause “green chlorosis†due to photosynthesis inhibition. The leaves may turn yellow, showing signs of burning or spotting, and the plants may become stunted, slow-growing, and eventually starved of nutrients.
Another herbicide, "Baicao Enemy" (possibly a reference to a specific product like fluazifop-p-butyl), can cause leaf rolling and compact growth if applied at the wrong time, such as during the third-leaf stage of wheat. After regreening, the leaves may turn dark green, the stems harden, and the main stem and leaves become thin, leading to twisted ears and deformed florets. Excessive use during active growth can cause the plants to bend or tilt, and if applied during the flowering stage, it can severely disrupt pollination, resulting in poor grain development and lower yields.
Second, there are several remedial measures to address herbicide phytotoxicity. Immediate irrigation is crucial when damage is observed or suspected. Drain contaminated water from the field and replace it with fresh water. In acidic conditions, lime can be used to neutralize the herbicides. Additionally, washing the affected plants with water can help remove residual chemicals and reduce harm.
Field management plays a key role in recovery. For instance, if 2,4-D herbicides were improperly applied, increasing tiller fertilizer can promote more tillers and increase spike percentage, helping mitigate damage. Using organic fertilizers can also be beneficial, as they can adsorb herbicides, reducing their activity while providing essential nutrients for crop recovery.
Plant growth regulators, such as gibberellin, can also be used to stimulate wheat growth and reduce injury. Spraying 2 grams of gibberellin per mu (about 667 square meters) mixed in 50 kg of water can effectively promote seedling growth and minimize damage.
By taking these steps promptly and carefully managing the field, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of herbicide-induced phytotoxicity and support healthier wheat growth.
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