Sweet persimmons, known as the jewels of the persimmon family, originate from Japan. There are over ten popular varieties, including Shinjiro, Wealthy, Izu, and Nishimura. These fruits are not only rich in nutrients and offer great health benefits but also have strong resistance to storage and transportation, making them highly marketable. With their excellent potential for development, it's essential to understand the best practices for high-quality and high-yield cultivation.
First, when establishing a persimmon orchard, choose deep soil with a pH between 5.5 and 7.5, preferably sandy loam. It can be planted on hills, flatlands, or hilly areas. Dig large planting holes measuring 100 cm wide by 80 cm deep, or 100 cm x 100 cm x 80 cm. Mix 50 kg of composted organic matter with 5 kg of superphosphate and 0.3 kg of potassium chloride as base fertilizer. The best time to plant is between October and November. Use grafted seedlings of wild persimmon No. 6, planting approximately 100-120 trees per mu (about 667 square meters), with a male-to-female ratio of 1:12. Make sure to include pollination varieties for better fruit set.
Soil, fertilizer, and water management are crucial during the sapling stage. Keep the soil loose and free of weeds, and apply fertilizers appropriately. After the first spring shoot growth, apply urea at 5–10 g per plant and 5 kg of human and animal manure water. Fertilize once or twice a month, gradually increasing the amount. In the second year, apply fertilizer in March, May, August, and September. When the tree starts bearing fruit, add potassium and a small amount of boron. For trees aged 4–5 years, focus on the "three fat" strategy: a pre-application in March–April with 100 g urea, 100 g potassium sulfate, 50 g phosphate, and 5 g borax plus trace elements; a second application in June–July with 100 g urea, 150 g superphosphate, and 150 g potassium sulfate; and a final post-harvest fertilizer in November–December using organic and phosphate-based materials to prepare for the next season’s yield.
Watering should be carefully managed. Persimmon roots do not tolerate standing water, so drainage must be ensured during rainy seasons. During July to September, when the fruits are swelling, provide timely irrigation to prevent drought stress.
Pruning is an essential part of shaping the tree. Cut the treetop at 0.9–1 m height. During dormancy in winter or early spring, select three branches with equal spacing and direction as main branches, starting 40–50 cm above the ground. Trim the tips of the main and non-main branches by 20%. After two years, remove all non-principal branches in winter and cut back the main branches by 20%. Thin out weak, overlapping, or crowded branches. Select a strong lateral branch about 50 cm from the main branch and prune it by 20% of its annual growth. After three years, select a second main branch following the same method to form a compact, naturally happy-shaped canopy.
For adult trees, focus on maintaining robust mother branches on the main and sub-branches. Remove weak, thin, or old branches during winter. In summer, techniques like twisting, pulling, or girdling can help create short, productive fruiting branches. Regularly remove dense, overlapping, or weak branches to maintain good light penetration inside the tree.
Flower and fruit management includes several key steps. Flowering girdling can be applied to overgrown trees by cutting a narrow strip of the xylem on the main branches to improve fruit set. Artificial pollination helps increase fruit setting rates by over 35%, especially when male plants are scarce. Thinning flowers and fruits is important—remove excess or malformed ones to ensure proper spacing, typically 20–25 leaves per fruit. Bagging the fruits after thinning improves quality and protects against pests and sunburn. Use double-layer air-permeable bags and spray a fungicide before bagging. Also, bag the fruits 15 days before ripening to enhance color development.
Pest control involves both disease and insect management. Common diseases include anthracnose, angular spot, and gray mold. Prevention is key—disinfect seedlings before planting and conduct proper winter maintenance. Treat anthracnose with a 70% thiophanate-methyl solution diluted 500 times, and use 50% iprodione at 1000 times dilution for gray mold. Adding 50% sucrose at 4500 times can improve effectiveness. For insects, apply 4% phoxim powder under the canopy in early May to kill overwintering larvae. Spray 20% chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrate at 3000 times during the larval stage to control aphids. For moths, use 2.5% deltamethrin at 3000 times, and for flea beetles, spray 1000 times during their active phase.
By following these comprehensive techniques, growers can ensure healthy, productive, and high-quality sweet persimmon crops, making this fruit a valuable addition to any orchard.
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