Tomato bacterial wilt is a serious bacterial disease that primarily affects tomato plants, as well as peppers and eggplants. This disease typically manifests during the flowering stage, causing the plant's leaves to turn pale and wilt. Initially, the symptoms may appear during the day but disappear in the evening. As the disease progresses, the entire plant wilts and eventually dies. When the stem of an infected plant is gently squeezed, a white bacterial exudate can be observed.
To effectively manage and prevent tomato bacterial wilt, several key strategies should be implemented:
First, planting resistant varieties is essential. Choosing cultivars such as New Century 908, Long March 906, Cooperative 903, Kangqing 19, Danfen No. 1, Fengbao, and Hongkang No. 1 can significantly reduce the risk of infection.
Second, crop rotation and grafting are effective methods for disease control. Rotating tomatoes with non-solanaceous crops like onions, garlic, melons, cruciferous vegetables, or rice for 4–5 years can help break the disease cycle. Grafting using wild tomato variety CH-2-26 as rootstock is also highly recommended.
Third, adjusting soil pH plays a crucial role in disease prevention. For acid soils, adding 100–150 kg of quicklime per mu during soil preparation can help suppress bacterial growth and balance the soil's pH. Deep plowing and the use of potash fertilizers such as potassium sulfate are also beneficial. Additionally, switching from ammonium-based nitrogen fertilizers to calcium nitrate can improve plant health.
Fourth, managing field humidity is important. Planting in well-drained areas free from disease is crucial. In low-lying areas or regions with high water tables, drainage ditches should be dug to ensure proper water runoff after rain. Regular tilling and weeding can further reduce moisture levels in the field.
Fifth, implementing balanced fertilization practices is necessary. A proper mix of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers should be used. Applying sufficient base fertilizer and frequent top-dressing with organic and micronutrient-rich materials can enhance plant resistance. Avoid using fertilizers that are commonly associated with solanaceous crops.
Sixth, cultivating strong seedlings is vital. Proper sowing techniques, early planting, and avoiding extreme summer heat help produce robust seedlings. Ensuring adequate soil around the roots when transplanting minimizes root damage.
Seventh, regular weeding is essential. During the early stages of seedling growth, deeper cultivation can be done, while once the plants grow vigorously, shallow or no cultivation is preferred to avoid damaging the roots.
Eighth, removing infected plants promptly is critical. Infected plants should be burned immediately, and the area should be cleaned thoroughly. Applying lime powder or ash to the affected site, or using a 2% formalin solution or 20% lime water, helps eliminate pathogens.
Ninth, chemical control measures can be applied when necessary. Insect pests that cause wounds on plants should be controlled with insecticides. During the early stages of bacterial wilt, applying 50% bifenbide WP diluted 800–1000 times, 72% agricultural streptomycin sulfate at 4000 times, or neophytin at 4000 times can provide effective control. Each plant should receive 0.3–0.5 liters of the solution, applied every 8–10 days for 2–3 applications.
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